There are provided volume holograms and combinations of lenticular lenses and holograms in particular for security applications. In embodiments, a volume hologram comprises a holographic medium (102) including a first optical interference structure which, upon illumination, replays a first image (110); wherein the first image includes a lenticular lens layer (111) including an array of lenticules and a lenticular image layer (113) including first (114) and second (115) interlaced images corresponding with the array of lenticules.

A data carrier having one optically variable element, at least one background element, which is arranged after the at least one optically variable element when seen along an extension direction, and at least one security element, which is constituted by at least a part of the at least one optically variable element and at least a part of the at least one background element. At least one tamper-indicating element is provided, which is arranged at least in a region between the at least one optically variable element and the at least one background element with respect to the extension direction. The tamper-indicating element is configured such, that the at least one optically variable element and the at least one background element at least in a region of the at least one security element are at least partially separable from one another upon an application of force onto the at least one optically variable element along a first pulling direction running opposite to the extension direction and/or upon an application of force onto the at least one background element along a second pulling direction running along the extension direction, whereby the at least one security element is at least partially separated into two or more parts.

In an illustrative system, a point-of-sale scanner is equipped to respond to multiple different symbologies printed on a single product. The scanner captures many frames per second, as products are swiped through a viewing volume. Each frame is decoded, yielding one or more payloads. A reconciliation module compares each newly-decoded payload against a list of payloads previously output by the module, to determine if the current payload is semantically-equivalent to a previously-output payload. If so, the previously-output payload is output again, in lieu of the just-decoded payload. If no equivalent is found, the current payload is output and added to the list for comparison against future payloads. A great number of other features and arrangements are also detailed.

A visual localization support system is provided. The visual localization support system includes one or more guidance indicators place on a road surface of a roadway, wherein the one or more guidance indicators each include a matrix barcode that uniquely identifies a location by latitude, longitude, and altitude, and describes an affine shape of the guidance indicator.

In some examples, a system includes: at least one light capture device; an article of personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes a plurality of retroreflective elements embodied on a surface of the article of PPE in a spatially defined arrangement, each retroreflective element of the plurality of retroreflective elements having at least two different retroreflective properties; a computing device communicatively coupled to the at least one light capture device, wherein the computing device is configured to: receive, from the at least one light capture device, retroreflected light that indicates at least two different retroreflective properties of at least one retroreflective element of the plurality of retroreflective elements; determine, based at least in part on each of the at least two different retroreflective properties, a safety event; and perform at least one operation based at least in part on the safety event.

In some examples, a system includes: at least one light capture device; an article of personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes a plurality of retroreflective elements embodied on a surface of the article of PPE in a spatially defined arrangement, each retroreflective element of the plurality of retroreflective elements having at least two different retroreflective properties; a computing device communicatively coupled to the at least one light capture device, wherein the computing device is configured to: receive, from the at least one light capture device, retroreflected light that indicates at least two different retroreflective properties of at least one retroreflective element of the plurality of retroreflective elements; determine, based at least in part on each of the at least two different retroreflective properties, a safety event; and perform at least one operation based at least in part on the safety event.

In an embodiment, a note for use as currency is provided. The note includes a base material having a first surface and a second surface opposite first surface. The note further includes identifying indicators printed on the first surface and the second surface providing an indication of a type and value of the note. The note also includes a first unique identifier printed on the note and a second unique identifier on the note. The note further includes a removable cover applied over the second unique identifier on one of the first surface and the second surface of the note. The note also includes an opaque backing applied over the second identifier on the note, the opaque backing applied to a surface of the note opposite the surface of the removable cover.

A reading device, a reading method and a reading program that can easily and quickly read a composite symbol, and a settlement processing method are provided. A moving image of a composite symbol which includes a plurality of symbols emerging in the same location and whose appearance changes depending on a viewing angle, is captured. The symbols included in the composite symbol are detected from the moving image obtained by image-capturing. Authenticity of the composite symbol is determined based on the obtained moving image.

A gramophone plate (P) having at least one face, the at least one face including at least one region on which is recorded audio data (2), wherein the said at least one region of the at least one face also has at least one visual image (7), or a portion of at least one visual image, recorded thereon.

There is provided a holographic security element including a substrate; and an array of nano-reflectors configured to form a pattern on the substrate and to generate a holographic image corresponding to the pattern at a predetermined distance from the substrate when irradiated with a predetermined light source. In particular, the array of nano-reflectors is configured to generate the holographic image at the predetermined distance to have a size that is larger than a size of the pattern. There is also provided a method of forming the holographic security element, and an article having one or more holographic security elements incorporated therein.