Transaction-enabled methods for providing provable access to a distributed ledger with a tokenized instruction set for biological production processes are described. A method may include accessing a distributed ledger comprising an instruction set for a biological production process and tokenizing the instruction set. The method may further include interpreting an instruction set access request and, in response to the access request, providing a provable access to the instruction set. The method may further include providing commands to a production tool of the biological production process in response to the instruction set access request and recording the transaction on the distributed ledger.

Transaction-enabled methods for providing provable access to a distributed ledger with a tokenized instruction set for polymer production processes are described. A method may include accessing a distributed ledger comprising an instruction set for a polymer production process and tokenizing the instruction set. The method may further include interpreting an instruction set access request and providing a provable access to the instruction set. The method may further include providing commands to a production tool of the polymer production process and recording the transaction on the distributed ledger.

The invention provides a system for searching a blockchain (e.g. Bitcoin) for data/content stored in one or more blockchain transactions, and accessing that data/content. It may be used in conjunction with a protocol for searching the blockchain. An embodiment of the invention can be arranged to enable a user to search for, access, view, write and/or retrieve a portion of data provided in at least one blockchain transaction (Tx), and also arranged to identify the at least one transaction (Tx) based on a transaction index (TX.sub.index) comprising a transaction ID and a public key associated with the transaction (Tx). The system may comprise a search facility which is either provided within the blockchain search system; or arranged to interface and/or communicate with the blockchain search system. It may also comprise at least one cryptocurrency wallet.

A method of enabling access to data stored on a blockchain is disclosed. The method comprises generating at least one first blockchain transaction of a blockchain, wherein the first data is stored in at least one first blockchain transaction and is inaccessible to a first participant in the absence of first access data. The method further comprises generating a second blockchain transaction of the blockchain, wherein the second blockchain transaction contains means for causing the first access data to be made available to the first participant.

The disclosure provides improved methods and systems for processing, storing, sharing, retrieving, writing and accessing data (content) on a blockchain e.g. Bitcoin. The invention may form part of a protocol for storing, searching and accessing the data. In particular, improved efficiency and also enhanced access control permissions are provided. An embodiment of the disclosure comprises the step of processing at least one blockchain transaction (Tx) comprising: a protocol flag; a discretionary public key (DPK); and a discretionary transaction ID (DTxID). These are discretionary in the sense that they are not required as part of the underlying blockchain protocol but in accordance with the present invention. This combination of features enables portions of data to be identified, retrieved and shared on a blockchain, and also to be linked/associated with one another when provided in a plurality of transactions. It enables a graph or tree-like structure to be constructed, which reflects the hierarchical relationships between portions of data, facilitating their processing, searching and sharing.

The invention provides improved methods and systems for storing, sharing, accessing and processing data (content) on a blockchain. In one embodiment, there is provided a method of identifying a target transaction on a blockchain e.g. Bitcoin, comprising the steps of using a search path to identify the target transaction, the search path comprising: 1) a root transaction index (RT.sub.Index) comprising a public key (RTPK) associated with the root transaction and an ID (RTID) associated with the root transaction; and 2) at least one attribute associated with the root transaction and/or the target transaction. This enables the creation and use of a search path analogous to that known in relation to the internet, but for the blockchain.

A method, system, and computer program product generate, with a payment network, a first value (a) and a second value (g.sup.a), the second value (g.sup.a) based on the first value (a) and a generator value (g); generate, with the payment network, a plurality of random merchant numbers (m.sub.i) for a respective plurality of merchant banks; determine, with the payment network, a merchant product (M) based on a product of the plurality of random merchant numbers (m.sub.i); generate, with the payment network, a public key (pk.sub.i) based on the second value (g.sup.a), the merchant product (M), and the random merchant number (m.sub.i) and a random key (rk.sub.i) based on the merchant product (M) and the random merchant number (m.sub.i) for each respective merchant bank; and communicate, with the payment network, the public key (pk.sub.i) and the random key (rk.sub.i) to at least one respective merchant bank.

Disclosed are methods for exchanging transaction data, including transmitting a first public encryption key from a first computing device via a near field communication (NFC) connection, receiving transaction data associated with a transaction at the initiating device via the NFC communication connection, generating a transaction message associated with the transaction based on the transaction data associated with the transaction and the first public encryption key, encrypting at least a portion of the transaction message associated with the transaction with a second public encryption key; determining that a network communication connection to a payment processing network different from the NFC communication connection can be established, and transmitting the transaction message via the network communication connection based on determining the network communication connection to the payment processing network can be established. A system and a computer program product are also provided.

A method includes: determining, by a computing device communicably coupled to a blockchain network, participants in a remittance transaction, in which each participant has a corresponding account in a blockchain ledger of the blockchain network, and in which each account includes one or more assets; assembling the remittance transaction based on one or more to-be-spent assets of the one or more assets in an account corresponding to a real remitter, one or more covered assets of the one or more assets in an account corresponding to a fake remitter, and one or more encrypted transfer amounts; generating a linkable ring signature for the remittance transaction based on a private key held by the real remitter, a public key held by the real remitter, and a public key held by the fake remitter; and submitting the remittance transaction and the linkable ring signature to the blockchain network for completion.

In an example involving a transaction conducted between a first party using a user mobile-identification-credential device (UMD) and a second party using a relying party system (RPS), RPS receives a request from UMD for transfer of an item, requests identification information of the first party from UMD, receives, based on consent of the first party, some or all user ID information associated with a mobile identification credential (MIC) which UMD received from an authorizing party system (APS), receives verification of the received user ID information, uses the verified user ID information to verify or not verify an identity of the first party, grants the request to transfer the item in exchange for payment or another item to be transferred from the first party to the second party when the identity of the first party is verified, and denies the request when the identity of the first party is not verified.