A detecting apparatus includes a container, and a detecting device including a transmitting module and a receiving module. The transmitting module includes a light-emitting element provided at a first point of the container and operable to transmit a photo signal to propagate toward the container along an optical path. The receiving module includes a light-receiving element provided at a second point of the container and configured to receive the photo signal transmitted through the container. The receiving module is operable to determine whether a substance is present within the container based on receipt of the photo signal. An imaginary tangent plane tangent to the first point is not parallel to an imaginary tangent plane tangent to the second point.

In some examples, a controller is to receive a measurement of an electrical property of an oscillation control system from a sensor, determine, based on the measurement of the electrical property, a frequency of oscillation of a structure vibrated by the oscillation control system in the system, the vibration of the structure to cause passage of a portion of a material through the structure, and estimate a level of a remaining portion of the material at the structure based on the determined frequency of oscillation of the structure.

A liquid sensor includes a light receiver configured to receive light. The light receiver is attachable to an outside of an accommodation unit into which a liquid is introduced and which has translucency. The light receiver receives light that has passed through the liquid in the accommodation unit or light reflected by the liquid, and outputs a signal related to a physical quantity of the liquid.

A system and method for remotely managing content levels in one or more defined areas includes a computer system communicatively connected to one or more resident sensor units and controllers linked to devices such as content loading drive mechanisms and/or supply reordering modules. When a sensor reports that a content level is or will be lower or higher than desired, the computer system generates an alert and forwards the alert across a wireless communications network to a user's mobile device. The user may select a user command to send to the computer system, whereupon the computer system may selectively regulate the content levels in accordance with the response action or alternatively override the user command based upon one or more contextual determinations.

An apparatus, a system, and a method for detecting water supply based on a vision sensor by performing big data, an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm, and/or a machine learning algorithm in a 5G environment connected for the Internet of things is provided. The apparatus for detecting water may be used for a washing machine and includes a vision sensor mounted on a tub or in the vicinity of the tub, directed toward at least one water supply region of interest in the tub, and configured to acquire an image of the water supply region of interest, and a water supply level determiner configured to detect a water supply level through a vision algorithm based on the image information acquired by the vision sensor. The determiner may predict water supply time to the point in time at which the water supply will be completed based on models trained by machine learning.

Systems and methods of providing powder are disclosed. A system includes a powder hopper, one or more sensors, a feeder hopper and a processor in operable communication with the one or more sensors and the feeder hopper. The powder hopper is configured to provide a powder to a pair of rollers. Each of the one or more sensors is configured to determine a characteristic of the powder in the powder hopper. The feeder hopper is configured to provide the powder to the powder hopper. The processor is configured to cause the feeder hopper to provide the powder to the powder hopper in response to the characteristic of the powder in the powder hopper being less than a threshold.

An apparatus for measuring liquid volume in a container includes a plurality of light sources for emitting electromagnetic radiation (EMR) toward the container, a plurality of sensors optically coupleable to the plurality of light sources, each sensor of the plurality of sensors for detecting the EMR emitted by at least a portion of the plurality of light sources, a temperature sensor for measuring at least one temperature associated with a liquid in the container, and at least one processor for receiving data representative of the portion of the detected EMR from each of the plurality of sensors, comparing the at least one measured temperature to a temperature guideline to identify any temperature events associated with the received data; normalizing the received data based on any temperature events associated with the received data; and converting the normalized data into a signature representative of the EMR detected by the plurality of sensors.

An optical sensor includes an optic fiber optically coupled to a cavity. An optical path is defined from the fiber, across the cavity, and reflected back across the cavity back into the fiber. The cavity is an open cavity that is in fluid communication with an environment ambient to the cavity for detection of changes in index of refraction inside the cavity due to whether the environment ambient to the cavity is gaseous or liquid.

A method for determining whether a testing specimen is supplied to a testing system, which includes a reaction tank in which the testing specimen reacts; a light source for emitting testing light into the reaction tank from one side of the reaction tank; and a photoelectric sensor that is placed on the side of the reaction tank opposite to the light source for receiving the testing light traveled through the reaction tank and that converts the received testing light into an electrical signal. The amount of the testing specimen to be added into the reaction tank is set so that the level of the testing specimen is above the light path of the testing light while the reaction tank is cleaned. Whether the testing specimen is supplied is determined based on the presence of change of the electrical signal output from the photoelectric sensor.

Filling unit (1) for a packaging machine (100) for filling bulk materials (50) into packages (60), and packaging machine with a filling unit (1), comprising a conveyor device (2), by means of which bulk materials (50) can be conveyed into a package (60), and a control device (3), which is suitable and configured to guide a filling stream (4) into a package (60). A fill level sensor device (5) including a sensor device (6) is provided, which is suitable and configured to detect a first fill level (7) and a second fill level (8) of bulk materials (50) in a package (60), wherein the first fill level (7) corresponds to a lower fill level than the second fill level (8). The control device (3) regulates the filling stream (4) by way of the fill levels determined by the sensor device (6). With the method according to the invention, the package is filled until the second fill level is detected. Then the filling stream is reduced until the first fill level is detected. Thereupon the filling stream is increased.