A system for product water output. The system includes a controller, a first conductivity sensor in communication with the controller, a first product valve downstream from the first conductivity sensor and in communication with the controller, a second product valve downstream from the first product valve and in communication with the controller, a second conductivity sensor downstream from the second product valve and in communication with the controller, and a divert valve downstream from the first conductivity sensor and upstream from the first product valve and in communication with the controller.

A system for product water output. The system includes a controller, a first conductivity sensor in communication with the controller, a first product valve downstream from the first conductivity sensor and in communication with the controller, a second product valve downstream from the first product valve and in communication with the controller, a second conductivity sensor downstream from the second product valve and in communication with the controller, and a divert valve downstream from the first conductivity sensor and upstream from the first product valve and in communication with the controller.

The present disclosure relates to a substrate defect measuring apparatus for detecting defects inside a substrate by photoluminescence and detecting defects outside the substrate by using the scattering of incident light for generating photoluminescence, and provides an apparatus for constituting an optical system in order to measure scattered and/or reflected light together in a procedure of measuring the photoluminescence, thereby shortening a measurement time.

The present disclosure relates to a substrate defect measuring apparatus for detecting defects inside a substrate by photoluminescence and detecting defects outside the substrate by using the scattering of incident light for generating photoluminescence, and provides an apparatus for constituting an optical system in order to measure scattered and/or reflected light together in a procedure of measuring the photoluminescence, thereby shortening a measurement time.

An electrical conductivity detector includes a cell through which a liquid flows, a measurement part for obtaining an electrical conductivity signal which is a current corresponding to an electrical conductivity of the liquid flowing through the cell, a phase adjustment value holder that holds a phase adjustment value which is a predetermined shift amount between a phase of the electrical conductivity signal and a phase of a measurement voltage applied to the cell by the measurement part, a BG subtraction signal generator configured to generate a BG subtraction signal for removing a background component included in the electrical conductivity signal obtained by the measurement part, the BG subtraction signal being adjusted to have a phase substantially identical to the phase of the electrical conductivity signal using the phase adjustment value held in the phase adjustment value holder, an addition part configured to add the electrical conductivity signal and the BG subtraction signal with each other, and a calculation part configured to calculate the electrical conductivity of the liquid flowing through the cell using a signal output from the addition part.

Multiphase flowmeters and related methods are disclosed herein. An example apparatus includes a flowmeter and a fluid conduit to provide a flow path for a fluid relative to the flowmeter. The example apparatus includes a sensor coupled to the fluid conduit to generate data indicative of at least one of a presence, an absence, or a mass flow rate of solids in the fluid during flow of the fluid through the fluid conduit. The example apparatus includes a processor. The sensor is to be communicatively coupled to the processor. The processor is to selectively determine flow rates for one or more phases of the fluid based on data generated by the flowmeter and a first algorithmic mode or a second algorithmic mode selected based on the sensor data.

Multiphase flowmeters and related methods are disclosed herein. An example apparatus includes a flowmeter and a fluid conduit to provide a flow path for a fluid relative to the flowmeter. The example apparatus includes a sensor coupled to the fluid conduit to generate data indicative of at least one of a presence, an absence, or a mass flow rate of solids in the fluid during flow of the fluid through the fluid conduit. The example apparatus includes a processor. The sensor is to be communicatively coupled to the processor. The processor is to selectively determine flow rates for one or more phases of the fluid based on data generated by the flowmeter and a first algorithmic mode or a second algorithmic mode selected based on the sensor data.

A method of distinguishing between fluids may include providing a current to an electrode disposed within a fluidic passageway of a fluidic die, the current to be forced into a fluid within the fluidic die, sensing an impedance at the electrode, and determining a particle vehicle separation level of the fluid based on the sensed impedance between a first instance and a second instance.

A system for detecting a fluid type within a blood processing device includes a voltage source for electrical connection to a first electrode and to a second electrode, and a resistor in series between the voltage source and the first and/or second electrode. The voltage source may apply a voltage across the first and second electrodes. The system also includes a voltage detector that is electrically connected to the resistor and measures a voltage drop across the resistor. A circuit electrically connected to the voltage detector determines the type of fluid in contact with the first and second electrode based, at least in part, upon the measured voltage drop.

A system for detecting a fluid type within a blood processing device includes a voltage source for electrical connection to a first electrode and to a second electrode, and a resistor in series between the voltage source and the first and/or second electrode. The voltage source may apply a voltage across the first and second electrodes. The system also includes a voltage detector that is electrically connected to the resistor and measures a voltage drop across the resistor. A circuit electrically connected to the voltage detector determines the type of fluid in contact with the first and second electrode based, at least in part, upon the measured voltage drop.