A water removal method for gas concentration sampling, and a sampling method and device. The water removal method comprises: removing water from a sample gas by means of a first cold trap tube filled with a hydrophilic material, and then concentrating the sample gas by means of a concentration cold trap tube; then by means of a carrier gas, conveying components desorbed by the first cold trap tube under a heating state to a second cold trap tube that is in a cooled state and that is filled with a hydrophobic organic adsorbent material, and adsorbing organic substances in the components desorbed by the first cold trap tube: by means of the carrier gas, bringing the moisture desorbed by the first cold trap tube out of the second cold trap tube, and then by means of the carrier gas, conveying residual components desorbed by the first cold trap tube and the second cold trap tube under the heating state to the concentration cold trap tube for concentration.

A thermal conductivity detector includes a first pipe path that houses a filament, a second pipe path and a third pipe path that connects the first pipe path to the second pipe path. In the third pipe path, first, second and third gas lead-in portions are arranged in this order from the first pipe path toward the second pipe path. A carrier gas is led to the first and third gas lead-in portions alternately, and a sample gas is led to the second gas lead-in portion. The distance between the second and third gas lead-in portions is equal to or smaller than 1.3 times of a maximum dimension of an opening formed at the second gas lead-in portion. At least part of the third pipe path between the second gas lead-in portion and the third gas lead-in portion has a cross sectional area that is equal to or smaller than an area of the opening formed at the second gas lead-in portion.

A method of determining total organofluorine in a sample comprising PFAS, comprising: providing a solution of PFAS in an organic solvent to obtain extracted PFAS, or extracting a sample with an organic solvent to obtain extracted PFAS; treating the extracted PFAS with a sodium metal dispersion and alcohol to obtain sodium fluoride; and quantifying the amount of the fluoride. Surprisingly, we discovered that the method recovered substantial fluorine from PFAS and significantly higher yields obtained by selection of the appropriate alcohols. The method is selective for organofluorine from inorganic fluorine.

Technologies for rapid equilibration for water isotope analysis are disclosed. In at least one illustrative embodiment, a vaporizer may include an injection block that defines a chamber and a septum positioned over an inlet of the chamber to seal the chamber. The chamber may be configured to be fluidly coupled to a pump to develop a vacuum within the chamber, and the septum may be configured to receive a needle that is inserted into the chamber. A thermally conductive wool may be positioned within the chamber and may be configured to receive a tip of the needle.

An improved liquid vaporization and conditioning system, and associated method, for efficiently vaporizing a liquid sample for accurately determining the constituent components thereof providing enhanced flow rate, pressure and thermal control, the improvement including a combination of a resistance temperature detector, a sweeping bend to, an in-line thermal break, a flow buffering input manifold, enhanced multi-path heater vaporizer construction with four heater units, a vaporizer output mixing manifold and control elements providing a capability for partial shutdown in the event of compromised heating or flow anomalies without risk of flow loss/volume capacity beyond a permissible threshold and an improved, modular heat vaporizer enclosure.

A thermal conductivity detector includes a first pipe path that houses a filament, a second pipe path and a third pipe path that connects the first pipe path to the second pipe path. In the third pipe path, first, second and third gas lead-in portions are arranged in this order from the first pipe path toward the second pipe path. A carrier gas is led to the first and third gas lead-in portions alternately, and a sample gas is led to the second gas lead-in portion. The distance between the second and third gas lead-in portions is equal to or smaller than 1.3 times of a maximum dimension of an opening formed at the second gas lead-in portion. At least part of the third pipe path between the second gas lead-in portion and the third gas lead-in portion has a cross sectional area that is equal to or smaller than an area of the opening formed at the second gas lead-in portion.

A device for biological sample preparation and analysis is disclosed. The device includes a substrate and a plurality of spaced apart arrays disposed on an upper surface of the substrate. Each array includes a plurality of reaction vessels, each reaction vessel having a hydrophilic surface. A hydrophilic ring surrounds each array. Methods of making and using the device are also disclosed.

A method for detecting a residual crosslinking aid in a crosslinked resin molded body includes a subject heating step in which a crosslinked resin molded body is heated at a temperature of 500° C. or higher and 700° C. or lower for a time of 3 seconds or more and 30 seconds or less, a subject analysis step in which gas chromatographic analysis is performed on a gas generated in the subject heating step, and a detection step in which an unreacted crosslinking aid is detected on the basis of a peak originating from a residual crosslinking aid in a chromatogram obtained in the subject analysis step.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for evaluating reaction molecular byproducts of pyrotechnic reactions. A closed calorimetry bomb holds pyrotechnic material, which is detonated by a charge. The calorimetry bomb is vented directly into a gas chromatography machine, where gas phase molecules are separated based on their polarity. The separated molecules are then injected into a mass spectrometer and characterized by their mass fragmentation. The remaining residual solids within the bomb are extracted and injected into a liquid chromatography instrument where they are separated by their polarity. The separated molecules are then injected into a mass spectrometer and characterized by their mass fragmentation pattern. The method provides a complete picture of the reaction pathways and products to aid in regulatory compliance of incorporating energetic materials into real-world applications, particularly those in the family of PFAS containing compositions.

A method of determining total organofluorine in a sample comprising PFAS, comprising: providing a solution of PFAS in an organic solvent to obtain extracted PFAS, or extracting a sample with an organic solvent to obtain extracted PFAS; treating the extracted PFAS with a sodium metal dispersion and alcohol to obtain sodium fluoride; and quantifying the amount of the fluoride. Surprisingly, we discovered that the method recovered substantial fluorine from PFAS and significantly higher yields obtained by selection of the appropriate alcohols. The method is selective for organofluorine from inorganic fluorine.