An encoder for detecting angular position of a rotor in a motor includes a modular hub, configured to be connected to the rotor, and sensing electronics mounted within an end bell of the motor. The modular hub provides a universal mounting configuration for connecting different configurations of the encoder to the motor. The modular hub includes a mounting portion and sensor face on which different elements for sensing may be mounted. The elements may include polarizing tape to reflect polarized light, magnets generating a magnetic field, or ferrous teeth configured to interact with a magnetic field. The sensing electronics include sensing devices corresponding to the elements mounted on the sensor face. The sensing devices may be a paired light emitter/receiver, magnetic sensors, or a paired magnetic field generator/sensor. The sensing electronics convert the sensed signals to uniform feedback data for the motor controller regardless of the encoder configuration.

A detection method includes obtaining first count data and second count data during rotation of an encoder disc mounted at and configured to rotate together with a rotation object and determining a rotation parameter of the rotation object according to the first count data and the second count data. The encoder disc includes N detection target portions arranged along a circumferential direction of the encoder disc. The N detection target portions include N−K first detection target portions and K second detection target portions. Along the circumferential direction of the encoder disc, a width of one of the N−K first detection target portions is different from a width of one of the K second detection target portions. The first count data is obtained when one detection target portion of the N detection target portions is detected. The second count data is recorded between two neighboring detection target portions.

A rotation calculating system, comprising: a first optical characteristic acquiring device, configured to acquire optical characteristics for at least one feature of a first target device; and a calculating unit, configured to calculate rotation for a first rotating device based on the optical characteristics of the feature of the first target device. The first rotating device is a wheel, and the first target device is the wheel.

A rotation calculating system, comprising: a first optical characteristic acquiring device, configured to acquire optical characteristics for at least one feature of a first target device; and a calculating unit, configured to calculate rotation for a first rotating device based on the optical characteristics of the feature of the first target device. The first rotating device is a wheel, and the first target device is the wheel.

A measurement of the rotation speed of an object is made using a time-of-flight sensor configured to detect a passing of one or more of elements of the object through a given position. The time-of-flight sensor is further mounted on a one-person vehicle configured to protect the one-person vehicle against collisions through the making a time-of-flight measurement of a relative speed between the one-person vehicle and an obstacle.

A bearing includes a first ring and a second ring capable of rotating concentrically relative to one another. At least one groove is formed on an axial cylindrical surface of the second ring and oriented towards the first ring. The groove is axially delimited by two side edges 50a. The bearing further includes at least one optical sensor mounted on the first ring to emit a beam oriented towards at least one of the side edges of the groove of the second ring, the optical sensor being able to detect axial positions of the side edge.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an optical encoder for an electronic device. The optical encoder comprises an elongated shaft having an encoding pattern made up of axial markings and radial markings. The encoding pattern may be disposed around a circumference of the elongated shaft. The optical encoder also includes an optical sensor. In embodiments, the optical sensor includes an emitter and a photodiode array. The emitter causes light to shine on the encoding pattern. The encoding pattern reflects the light back to the photodiode array and the photodiode array determines movement of the shaft based on the reflected light.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an optical encoder for an electronic device. The optical encoder comprises an elongated shaft having an encoding pattern made up of axial markings and radial markings. The encoding pattern may be disposed around a circumference of the elongated shaft. The optical encoder also includes an optical sensor. In embodiments, the optical sensor includes an emitter and a photodiode array. The emitter causes light to shine on the encoding pattern. The encoding pattern reflects the light back to the photodiode array and the photodiode array determines movement of the shaft based on the reflected light.

An encoder includes a code disc and a processor communicatively coupled with the code disc. The code disc is configured to rotate along with a rotating object and includes a plurality of fan teeth extending radially. One of the plurality of fan teeth is different from other ones of the plurality of fan teeth, and the other ones of the fan teeth are same to each other. A first portion of a detection signal that is generated in one rotation of the code disc, corresponding to the one of the plurality of fan teeth, is different from a second portion of the detection signal, corresponding to each of the other ones of the fan teeth. The processor is configured to detect the rotation of the code disc to obtain the detection signal and a rotation parameter of the rotating object based on the detection signal.

A bearing includes a first ring and a second ring capable of rotating concentrically relative to one another. At least one groove is formed on an axial cylindrical surface of the second ring and oriented towards the first ring. The groove is axially delimited by two side edges 50a. The bearing further includes at least one optical sensor mounted on the first ring to emit a beam oriented towards at least one of the side edges of the groove of the second ring, the optical sensor being able to detect axial positions of the side edge.