A method and a system for determining a discharging process of a battery are provided. The method includes the following steps. Measuring charging/discharging information of the battery. Calculating a charging/discharging characteristic of the battery according to the charging/discharging information. Aligning the charging/discharging characteristic of the battery according to a comparison characteristic point of a comparison characteristic to obtain an aligned charging/discharging characteristic. Determining whether the battery is normal according to the aligned charging/discharging characteristic or a coulombic efficiency of the battery. Calculating a safety probability of the battery according to the aligned charging/discharging characteristic and resistance of an internal short circuit of the battery when the battery is determined as abnormal. Determining a discharging process of the battery according to the safety probability of the battery.

A calibration current load is selectively coupled to an output of a pulse frequency modulated (PFM) DC-DC converter during a calibration operation to increase charge supplied from a battery supplying an input voltage to the converter. A voltage across a sense resistor in series with the battery is integrated during a measurement interval while the calibration current load is coupled to the output. A charge drawn per pulse from the battery is determined based on the sense resistor, the integrated voltage and the number of pulses during the measurement interval. Alternatively, a first PFM frequency is determined with a first calibration current load coupled to the converter output. A second PFM frequency is determined with a second calibration current load. The charge drawn per pulse from the battery is determined based on the first and second PFM frequencies and the first and second calibration current loads.

A method of determining battery degradation retroactively using historical data is disclosed. The method includes the steps of collecting state of charge (SOC) and DC ampere data for a predetermined time period; determining a delta () SOC based on the data collected; creating a set of SOC regimes having a size based on SOC; filtering the SOC data and determining a set of points which indicate a charging or discharging event; and calculating overall Coulombs associated with each charging or discharging event and for each event, producing a timestamp and Coulombs associated with each event.

A calibration current load is selectively coupled to an output of a pulse frequency modulated (PFM) DC-DC converter during a calibration operation to increase charge supplied from a battery supplying an input voltage to the converter. A voltage across a sense resistor in series with the battery is integrated during a measurement interval while the calibration current load is coupled to the output. A charge drawn per pulse from the battery is determined based on the sense resistor, the integrated voltage and the number of pulses during the measurement interval. Alternatively, a first PFM frequency is determined with a first calibration current load coupled to the converter output. A second PFM frequency is determined with a second calibration current load. The charge drawn per pulse from the battery is determined based on the first and second PFM frequencies and the first and second calibration current loads.

A method for battery capacity estimation is provided. The method includes monitoring a sensor, collecting a plurality of data points including a voltage-based state of charge value and an integrated current value, defining within the data points a first data set collected during a first time period and a second data set collected during a second time period, determining an integrated current error related to the second data set, comparing the integrated current error related to the second data set to a threshold integrated current error. When the error related to the second data set exceeds the threshold, the method further includes resetting the second data set based upon an integrated current value from the first time period. The method further includes combining the data sets to create a combined data set and determining a voltage slope capacity estimate as a change in integrated current versus voltage-based state of charge.

A connection conductor and a relay terminal are electrically connected together directly, the connection conductor being electrically connected to one of the two opposite electrode terminals of a battery cell, the relay terminal being provided to an extremity of a voltage detection conductor electrically connected to a voltage detector. The relay terminal has a fusible part operable to fuse and break when an overcurrent flows through the fusible part, wherein a sectional area of the fusible part perpendicular to a direction in which the voltage detection conductor extends is smaller than a sectional area of any other part of the relay terminal perpendicular to the direction.

A method for estimating a state of energy of a battery, comprising the steps of estimating a state of charge of the battery, determining a discrepancy between the state of charge and the state of energy as a function of the state of charge, computing the state of energy as a function of the estimated state of charge and of the determined discrepancy. Also a battery including apparatus configured to implement the method is provided.

It is intended to recognize the state of charge or depth of discharge of the battery more accurately than conventional technologies and to recognize health of a battery appropriately. Complex impedance between positive and negative electrodes of the battery is determined at a plurality of frequencies, and the state of charge or depth of discharge of the battery is estimated by comparing frequency dependency of Warburg impedance of the determined complex impedances with frequency dependency of Warburg impedance corresponding to a known state of charge or depth of discharge of the battery. Similarly, complex impedance is determined, and the health of the battery is evaluated by using the real part of the complex impedance at a point where the imaginary part of the complex impedance is zero on a line obtained by extending a part, which indicates frequency dependency of Warburg impedance, of a complex impedance characteristic curve representing a correlation relationship between the real and imaginary parts of the determined complex impedance.

Example devices and techniques are described herein for determining a relative state-of-charge of a battery. An example device includes memory, a battery, a temperature sensor and processing circuitry coupled to the memory and the temperature sensor. The temperature sensor may be configured to sense a battery temperature. The processing circuitry may be configured to estimate an end-of-discharge state-of-charge of the battery. The processing circuitry may be configured to estimate a remaining capacity of the battery. The processing circuitry may be configured to estimate a full charge capacity of the battery. The processing circuitry may be configured to estimate a relative state-of-charge of the battery and generate a representation of the estimate of the relative state-of-charge of the battery for output.

A battery management unit including a sensing unit electrically connected to a plurality of battery cells, the sensing unit detecting voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells and outputting a detection signal including voltage information representing the detected voltage, a first power supply unit generating a first operating voltage using a module voltage of the battery module, and a communication unit which operates using the first operating voltage, the communication unit including an antenna, a wireless communication circuit and a first input port, the communication unit receiving the detection signal from the sensing unit through the first input port, testing at least one preset item based on the detection signal, and outputting a RF signal representing a result of the test through the antenna and the wireless communication circuit.