Provided are batteries and fuel cells incorporating a stripline detector for use in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stripline batteries and fuel cells can be used for in situ NMR measurement of battery or fuel cell chemistry. Also provided are methods for measuring in situ battery and fuel cell NMR using the stripline batteries and fuel cells of the invention.

A magnetic sensor includes a diamond substrate and a waveguide body in contact with the diamond substrate. The diamond substrate includes, on a surface not in contact with the waveguide body, a first layer including a diamond crystal on which an NV center is disposed and, on a surface in contact with the waveguide body, a second layer on which a conductive pattern is disposed. The waveguide body includes a line configured to transmit a microwave that generates electron spin resonance to the conductive pattern and an optical waveguide configured to transmit exciting light and fluorescence, the exciting light irradiating the diamond substrate and emitting the fluorescence in the first layer of the diamond substrate.

A magnetic sensor includes a diamond substrate and a waveguide body in contact with the diamond substrate. The diamond substrate includes, on a surface not in contact with the waveguide body, a first layer including a diamond crystal on which an NV center is disposed and, on a surface in contact with the waveguide body, a second layer on which a conductive pattern is disposed. The waveguide body includes a line configured to transmit a microwave that generates electron spin resonance to the conductive pattern and an optical waveguide configured to transmit exciting light and fluorescence, the exciting light irradiating the diamond substrate and emitting the fluorescence in the first layer of the diamond substrate.

The exemplary system and method facilitate excitation of RF magnetic fields in ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MRI) systems (e.g., MRI/NMR system) using a slotted waveguide array (SWGA) as an exciter coil. The exemplary exciter coil, in some embodiments, is configurable to provide RF magnetic field B.sub.1.sup.+ with high field-uniformity, with high efficiency, with excellent circular polarization, with negligible axial z-component, with arbitrary large field of view, and with exceptional possibilities for field-optimizations via RF shimming.

The exemplary system and method facilitate excitation of RF magnetic fields in ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MRI) systems (e.g., MRI/NMR system) using a slotted waveguide array (SWGA) as an exciter coil. The exemplary exciter coil, in some embodiments, is configurable to provide RF magnetic field B.sub.1.sup.+ with high field-uniformity, with high efficiency, with excellent circular polarization, with negligible axial z-component, with arbitrary large field of view, and with exceptional possibilities for field-optimizations via RF shimming.

An insert for an EPR probehead is disclosed. The insert comprises a directional coupler and an amplifier. The directional coupler receives microwave power from a source at a first port and transfers a portion of the received microwave power to a second port for transmission to a sample space. The directional coupler is also arranged to receive a microwave signal from the sample space at the second port and to pass the majority of the received microwave signal to a third port. The amplifier has an input and an output; the input is arranged to receive the microwave signal from the third port of the directional coupler and to produce an amplified version of the received microwave signal at the output for transmission to a detector.

An insert for an EPR probehead is disclosed. The insert comprises a directional coupler and an amplifier. The directional coupler receives microwave power from a source at a first port and transfers a portion of the received microwave power to a second port for transmission to a sample space. The directional coupler is also arranged to receive a microwave signal from the sample space at the second port and to pass the majority of the received microwave signal to a third port. The amplifier has an input and an output; the input is arranged to receive the microwave signal from the third port of the directional coupler and to produce an amplified version of the received microwave signal at the output for transmission to a detector.

The exemplary system and method facilitate excitation of RF magnetic fields in ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MRI) systems (e.g., MRI/NMR system) using a slotted waveguide array (SWGA) as an exciter coil. The exemplary exciter coil, in some embodiments, is configurable to provide RF magnetic field B.sub.1.sup.+ with high field-uniformity, with high efficiency, with excellent circular polarization, with negligible axial z-component, with arbitrary large field of view, and with exceptional possibilities for field-optimizations via RF shimming.

The exemplary system and method facilitate excitation of RF magnetic fields in ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MRI) systems (e.g., MRI/NMR system) using a slotted waveguide array (SWGA) as an exciter coil. The exemplary exciter coil, in some embodiments, is configurable to provide RF magnetic field B.sub.1.sup.+ with high field-uniformity, with high efficiency, with excellent circular polarization, with negligible axial z-component, with arbitrary large field of view, and with exceptional possibilities for field-optimizations via RF shimming.

Apparatuses and methods for removing caps, such as NMR rotor caps. The apparatuses and methods may permit caps to be removed in a manner that minimizes damage to equipment and instruments. Microwave waveguides that may include an elongated waveguide, a spline horn, and a slotted waveguide. Analytical instruments that include the waveguides.