An area determination system includes a decision unit, a calculation unit, and a determination unit. The decision unit decides, based on a strength of a radio signal transmitted from a transmitter and received by a receiver, a location of the transmitter. The calculation unit calculates a presence determination value. The presence determination value is based on a number of times that the location of the transmitter is determined to be in a presence determination region during a presence determination time period. The presence determination region corresponds to a target area. The determination unit, when a presence condition is satisfied, determine that the transmitter is in the target area. The presence condition is that a state where the presence determination value is greater than or equal to a presence threshold continues for a presence determination time.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for improving sidelink positioning via messaging between wireless nodes, e.g., roadside service units (RSUs). A method that may be performed by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a first wireless node, receiving a second PRS from a second wireless node, receiving, from the first wireless node, an estimate of a first clock error component between the first wireless node and the second wireless node, and estimating a position of the UE, based on the first PRS, the second PRS, and the estimate of the first clock error component.

Example embodiments relate to an apparatus, method and computer program for timing compensation, for example timing compensation in relation to timing information provided by one or more positioning reference units (PRUs). An example method may involve providing data representing a timing error associated with a first position reference unit located at a first known position, with respect to a second position reference unit located at a second known position. The method may also comprise modifying timing information received from the first position reference unit, the modifying being based on at least the first timing error.

A method including, at each node in each pair of nodes in a network: transmitting an outbound synchronization signal; generating a self-receive signal based on the outbound synchronization signal; detecting the self-receive signal at a self-receive TOA; detecting an inbound synchronization signal; based on the pair of self-receive TOAs and the pair of synchronization TOAs, for each pair of nodes in the network: calculating a pairwise time offset and distance; for each node in the network: based on the set of pairwise distances, calculating a location and a time bias of the node. The method also includes: at each node in the network, detecting a localization signal, transmitted by a device, at a localization TOA; and calculating a location of the device based on, for each node in the network, the localization signal detected at the node, and the time bias and the relative location of the node.

A multi-layer packaging material can include a layer of material with an outer surface and an inner surface. The layer of material formable into a package. An electronic circuit can be fixedly attached to the layer of material. The electronic circuit can include a clock, a processor in logical communication with the clock, a radio receiver, a transmitter, and a digital storage. The digital storage can include software executable upon demand. The software can be operative with the processor to cause the electronic circuit to receive and store radio signals from multiple reference points.

A positioning device operates in cooperation with a signal receiver for receiving a plurality of signal waves arriving from at least one synchronous transmission unit including a plurality of signal transmitters that operates in synchronization with each other. The positioning device includes: a time-of-arrival detecting unit for detecting time of arrival of each of the plurality of signal waves on the basis of a reception signal output from the signal receiver and a distance difference calculating unit for calculating a difference in distance from the plurality of signal transmitters to the signal receiver as a set of observation values on the basis of a difference in the time of arrival that has been detected; and a positioning arithmetic unit. The positioning arithmetic unit calculates a time series of an estimation state vector indicating position information of the signal receiver by executing a positioning arithmetic operation based on a nonlinear Kalman filter using a time series of an observation vector indicating the set of the observation values and known position information of the plurality of signal transmitters.

A system for recognizing the location of a subject, comprises a server, signal transceivers, and a tracking device. The server transmits a request and stores a map file. The signal transceivers respectively communicate with the server to receive the request, and broadcast a reference signal to the other signal transceivers. The tracking device bidirectionally communicates with the signal transceivers, and periodically sends a tracking signal. After each of the signal transceivers obtains the first received signal strength indicator corresponding to the received reference signal and the second received signal strength indicator corresponding to the received tracking signal, each transmits the first signal strength indicator and the second signal strength indicator to the server. The server determines relative position information for the at least one tracking device within the map file according to the first signal strength indicators, the second signal strength indicators, and location information from the signal transceivers.

The invention relates to a method for determining a distance between a plurality of objects. The first object can be, in particular, an authorization means, such as a key fob or a mobile telephone. The problem is solved, inter alia, by means of a method for determining the spacing between a plurality of objects (I, 2), wherein a first of the objects, for example a key, transmits at least one, in particular a plurality of first-object signals with different first-object frequencies, at least one third object (3) transmits at least one, in particular a plurality of third-object signals, and the at least one second of the objects receives the first- and third-object signals of the first object and of the at least one third object and, therefrom or on the basis thereof, the distance between the first object and the second object is determined, characterized in that the third object and/or the first object switches between at least two of the first-object and/or third-object signals such that phase coherence is maintained or such that the phase jump is known.

A configuration to determine a timing offset between a first wireless device and a second wireless device in order to synchronize timing between the first wireless device and the second wireless device. The apparatus determines a timing offset between a first wireless device and a second wireless device based on at least one transmission received from the second wireless device. The apparatus determines a location of a target device based at least on the at least one transmission from the second wireless device and the timing offset between the first wireless device and the second wireless device.

A personnel location and monitoring system enables on-scene commanders in austere environments to identify, location and manage personnel. The present invention establishes a localized network of geolocation-capable transceivers which can thereafter provide communication capabilities with specially-equipped users as they ingress and egress an austere environment. Each user is equipped with an Individual Geospatial Locational Unit which provides data via a datalink with one or more of the anchors, and ultimately with a base station. From such data and the datalink itself the location of the user as well as the user's biomedical condition can be ascertained. As confidence of the location of the user drops below a predetermined threshold and/or the biomedical condition of the user raises concern with respect to the user's well-being, the present invention modifies the communication and geolocation protocols to prioritize communication and data transfer with such a user.