A semiconductor device includes a photodiode, a first transistor, and a second transistor. The photodiode has a function of supplying a charge corresponding to incident light to a gate of the first transistor, the first transistor has a function of accumulating the charge supplied to the gate, and the second transistor has a function of retaining the charge accumulated in the gate of the first transistor. The second transistor includes an oxide semiconductor.

A semiconductor device includes a photodiode, a first transistor, and a second transistor. The photodiode has a function of supplying a charge corresponding to incident light to a gate of the first transistor, the first transistor has a function of accumulating the charge supplied to the gate, and the second transistor has a function of retaining the charge accumulated in the gate of the first transistor. The second transistor includes an oxide semiconductor.

An optically addressable light valve (OALV) is disclosed which has a liquid crystal having an input side and an output side. The OALV also has a photoconductor having an input side and an output side, and a dopant providing increased damage tolerance for the photoconductor. A polarizer is also provided which is arranged downstream of the liquid crystal, relative to a travel of light through the OALV. A conductive material is also provided which is applied to the input side of the photoconductor.

A detection system for an x-ray or charged particle imaging system utilizes high bandgap, direct conversion x-ray detection materials. The signal of the x-ray/charged particle projection is recorded in a spatial light modulator such as a liquid crystal (LC) light valve. The light valve is then read-out by a polarized light optical microscope and a high speed camera. The camera is used to track the blooming spots in the light valve to resolve their intensity, and relate that intensity of the input x-ray photon or charged particle. This allows of spatially resolved, imaging, x-ray and/or charged particle spectrometer.