A driver for an electrically dynamic structure may store and release energy during polarity cycling to improve the energy efficiency of operation. In some examples, the driver includes an energy storage element. In operation, the driver can charge an electrically controllable optically active material to a first operating voltage at a first polarity and subsequently discharge the optically active material during polarity reversal. The driver may store energy released from the optically active material during discharging and subsequently release the energy to charge the optically active material to a second operating voltage at a second polarity different than the first polarity.

A liquid crystal display apparatus with electrodes comprising openings that is less susceptible to disturbance of the contour shape of the display part. The apparatus includes two substrates, a first electrode, a second electrode. A display part is demarcated in a region where the two electrodes overlap, and an offset region is set from the display part edge to the inside. The electrodes comprise first openings disposed in a non offset region, and second openings disposed in the offset region. First openings comprises a shape wherein a branch part disposed so that the longitudinal direction thereof extends along a first direction and a branch part disposed so that the longitudinal direction thereof extends along a second direction are connected. Second openings comprises openings disposed so that the longitudinal direction thereof extends along the first direction, and openings disposed so that the longitudinal direction thereof extends along the second direction.

A color substrate and a display device including the same. The color substrate includes: a substrate including first and second pixel regions spaced apart from each other, and a light shielding region between the first and second pixel regions; a first color conversion layer over the first pixel region and configured to convert incident light into first color light; a second color conversion layer over the second pixel region and configured to convert the incident light into second color light; and a retroreflective layer over the light shielding region and configured to retroreflect incident light through the first and second color conversion layer.

The present disclosure provides a backlight module, a display apparatus and an illumination apparatus. The backlight module includes: a light guide plate; a light emitting diode arranged above the light guide plate; an optical film layer arranged above the light emitting diode; a film of material with a polarization orientation arranged above the optical film layer; a liquid crystal cell arranged above the film of material; and a polarizer arranged above the liquid crystal cell. The liquid crystal cell includes an upper electrode and a lower electrode and a liquid crystal layer between the upper electrode and the lower electrode and the liquid crystal layer is capable of changing polarization state of a light passing through the liquid crystal cell, by the control of a voltage applied between the upper electrode and the lower electrode.

A liquid crystal display includes: a first substrate; a first electrode formed on the first substrate; a second substrate configured so as to face the first substrate; and a second electrode formed on the second substrate. The first electrode includes a first portion having a plate shape and a plurality of branch electrodes extending from the first portion. The second electrode includes a cross-shaped cutout including a horizontal stem and a vertical stem which cross each other at a center thereof. A width of the first electrode and a distance between two adjacent ones of the branch electrodes are varied according to position.

An optical film is provided and has retardations satisfying relations (1) to (3): (1) 0≦Re(550)≦10; (2) −25≦Rth(550)≦25; and (3) |I|+|II|+|III|+|IV|>0.5 (nm),
with definitions: I=Re(450)−Re(550); II=Re(650)−Re(550); III=Rth(450)−Rth(550); and IV=Rth(650)−Rth(550),
wherein Re(450), Re(550) and Re(650) are in-plane retardations measured with lights of wavelength of 450, 550 and 650 nm, respectively; and Rth(450), Rth(550) and Rth(650) are retardations in a thickness direction of the optical film, which are measured with lights of wavelength of 450, 550 and 650 nm, respectively.

A switchable backlight for a switchable privacy display apparatus comprises a collimated waveguide, first and second light sources and an optical turning film comprising elongate prismatic elements with facet orientations that pupillate the output of the waveguide in two orthogonal directions for each of first and second light sources. High luminance uniformity is achieved for a head-on user in privacy and public viewing modes and high uniformity of security factor is achieved for off-axis snoopers, with increased speed of privacy switch-on in privacy mode.

The present invention provides a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and a display apparatus using the same. The LCD panel comprises a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer and a half wave (λ/2) retarder film, The liquid crystal layer is formed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The second substrate comprises a second electrode, wherein the second electrode comprises a trunk portion and plurality of branch portions, and there is a predetermined angle between the trunk portion and the branch portions, and the predetermined angle is less than or greater than 45 degrees. The λ/2 retarder film is bonded to an outer surface of the first substrate or the second substrate. The present invention can improve the color shift problem and the transmittance of the LCD panel.

Provided are a smart window, a sliding smart window, a smart window for a vehicle, a sun visor for a vehicle, a smart window device, and a head-mounted smart window device which have maximized user convenience.

A spatial light modulating panel using a transitive liquid crystal display panel and a three-dimensional display device using the same. A a spatial light modulator including a plurality of pixels arrayed in a matrix manner; and a liquid crystal layer configured to modulate phase of an incident light passing through the each pixel, respectively. The spatial light modulator and the 3D display using the same provides a thin flat type display system having an easy and simple structure and a low manufacturing cost.