A gel electrolyte precursor composition, an electrochromic device including a gel electrolyte formed from the precursor composition, and methods of forming the electrochromic device, the precursor composition including polymer network precursors including polyurethane acrylate oligomers, an ionically conducting phase, and an initiator.

An electrochromic compound represented by the following formula (I) is provided:

##STR00001##

where each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 and R.sub.11 to R.sub.18 independently represents any one of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a monovalent organic group, the monovalent organic group having a substituent, a polymerizable functional group, and the polymerizable functional group having a substituent; and each of R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.19, and R.sub.20 independently represents any one of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, and an aryl group.

An electrochromic device is provided including a first substrate, a first electrode on the first substrate, a second substrate, a second electrode on the second substrate facing the first electrode, an electrochromic layer in contact with the first electrode, an anti-deterioration layer in contact with the second electrode facing the first electrode, and an electrolyte layer in contact with both the electrochromic layer and the anti-deterioration layer. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes In.sub.2O.sub.3, and has an infrared light transmittance of 70% or more at a wavelength of 1,500 nm. The electrochromic layer includes a triarylamine-containing radical polymerizable compound represented by a specific formula.

An electrode for an electrochromic device includes a resistive layer disposed over a conductive layer. The resistive layer is disposed between the conductive layer and an electrochromic material in the electrochromic device. The electrode reduces non-uniform response of the electrochromic material when the electrochromic device is in operation.

Disclosed are an electrochromic photonic-crystal reflective display device and a method of manufacturing the same. The electrochromic photonic-crystal reflective display device includes a substrate having lower electrodes, a first solid polymer electrolyte thin film, a block copolymer photonic-crystal thin film, a second solid polymer electrolyte thin film, and upper electrodes. The first solid polymer electrolyte thin film is formed on the top of the substrate, and is made from a mixed solution including a polymer electrolyte and an ionic liquid. The block copolymer photonic-crystal thin film is formed on the top of the first solid polymer electrolyte thin film. The second solid polymer electrolyte thin film is formed on the top of the block copolymer photonic-crystal thin film, and is made from a mixed solution including a polymer electrolyte and an ionic liquid. The upper electrodes are formed on the top of the second solid polymer electrolyte thin film.

An electrochromic element includes a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer disposed between the pair of electrodes. The electrochromic layer contains an electrochromic material, a solvent, and a cyanoethylated polymer.

Chromatic systems and structures are presented that operate without external electrical supply, which enable changes in color or transparency of a substrate material, such as glass. Various configurations provide a mechanism to activate an oxidation-reduction reaction in a chromatic material, so as to change from transparent to opaque or from one color to another. These structures may be used in applications from windows for buildings and homes, camera lenses, automotive displays and windows, mobile device displays, and other applications where chromatic change is desired.

An electrochromic device includes a first substantially transparent substrate having an electrically conductive material associated therewith, a second substantially transparent substrate having an electrically conductive material associated therewith, an electrochromic composition contained within a chamber positioned between the first and second substrates that includes at least one anodic electroactive material, at least one cathodic electroactive material, and at least one solvent, wherein at least one of the anodic electroactive and cathodic electroactive materials is electrochromic, and wherein the electrochromic device exhibits a contrast ratio of at least 20,000:1, a darkening time less than about 30 seconds, and a clearing time of less than about 150 seconds.

In one embodiment, an electrochromic device includes a single active layer configured to be alternately placed in a light-transmitting state in which relatively large amounts of light can be transmitted through the active layer and a light-blocking state in which relatively small amounts of light can be transmitted through the active layer, wherein the device comprises no other layers of material that contribute to transitioning between the two states

An article with a color change portion and a method of changing color. The article includes at least one color change portion capable of changing colors. The color change portion includes composite material including a photonic lattice. The color change portion can change colors according to one or more performance parameters. The article can be connected to a computer and the color change portion can be controlled using the computer