An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine graft polymer, and an acidic compound having an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 3 or less in water at 25° C. The amount of the acidic compound relative to the outermost surface layer is 100 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less.

An image forming apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer, a charging unit that forms an electrostatic image on an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a developing unit that supplies a toner to the electrostatic image to form a toner image, and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image on a transfer medium. In this image forming apparatus, the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a binder resin (A) having a specific structure and silica particles, and the wax contains a specific monoester compound.

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor; a charger that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an exposer that exposes the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developer that supplies a toner to the electrophotographic photoreceptor on which an electrostatic latent image is formed; a transferer that transfers a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a cleaner that removes a residual toner remaining on a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer, a surface of the outermost layer has a projection structure due to a ridge of the inorganic filler, the toner contains toner base particles and metal oxide particles as an external additive externally added to the toner base particles, 70% or more of the toner base particles are covered with the metal oxide particles as the external additive, and following formulas (1) to (3) are satisfied. $\left[\mathrm{Numerical}\mathrm{formula}1\right]$

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor; a charger that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an exposer that exposes the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developer that supplies a toner to the electrophotographic photoreceptor on which an electrostatic latent image is formed; a transferer that transfers a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a cleaner that removes a residual toner remaining on a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer, a surface of the outermost layer has a projection structure due to a ridge of the inorganic filler, the toner contains toner base particles and metal oxide particles as an external additive externally added to the toner base particles, 70% or more of the toner base particles are covered with the metal oxide particles as the external additive, and following formulas (1) to (3) are satisfied.

[00001]$\left[\mathrm{Numerical}.Math..Math.\mathrm{formula}.Math..Math.1\right]$$\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{2}2.Math.\sqrt{2.Math.R_1.Math.R_3-R_1^2}& \left(1\right)\\ 0<R_1<R_3& \left(2\right)\\ 0<R_{2}250& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

An electrically conductive support for use in an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical main body having a first end and a second end opposite to the first end in an axial direction of the main body. The main body contains an aluminum alloy and has an internal stress in a range of 30 MPa to 5 MPa. A method of producing the electrically conductive support includes preparing a substrate containing an aluminum alloy obtained at least through an extrusion step, and heat treating the substrate to obtain the electrically conductive support. The heat treating is carried out such that, when a temperature of the heat treating is defined as T ( C.) and a time of the heat treating is defined as H (hours), an amount of the heat treating Q defined by Q=TH is 800 or less.

The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which undergoes little abrasion over long term use and is able to develop a stable image, as well as a method of producing the same and an electrophotographic device including the same. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that contains an inorganic oxide and that is formed on the conductive substrate from a coating liquid. A test slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide dispersed in a solvent for forming the coating liquid has a light transmittance of 40% or more in a test case where light having a wavelength of 780 nm irradiates the test slurry.

An electrophotographic photoconductor is provided. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer containing fluororesin particles, non-fluororesin particles, and a cured resin. The fluororesin particles have an average particle diameter of from 0.01 to 0.3 m in a cross-sectional image of the surface layer as observed by a scanning electron microscope with a magnification of 5,000 times, and when the cross-sectional image is segmented into uniform regions each being 1 m4 m, a standard deviation of areas each of which is occupied by the fluororesin particles and the non-fluororesin particles in each of the regions is 0.2 m.sup.2 or less.

An electrophotographic photoconductor is provided. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer containing fluororesin particles, non-fluororesin particles, and a cured resin. The fluororesin particles have an average particle diameter of from 0.01 to 0.3 m in a cross-sectional image of the surface layer as observed by a scanning electron microscope with a magnification of 5,000 times, and when the cross-sectional image is segmented into uniform regions each being 1 m4 m, a standard deviation of areas each of which is occupied by the fluororesin particles and the non-fluororesin particles in each of the regions is 0.2 m.sup.2 or less.

Provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each suppressed in fluctuation in charging potential at the time of its long-term use. The process cartridge includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer containing a resin and a charge-transporting substance; and a charging member configured to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an average of Martens hardnesses of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member measured at a pushing force of 7 mN is 245 N/mm.sup.2 or more, and wherein in a core defined by three-dimensional surface texture standards (ISO 25178-2:2012) of the surface of the charging member, an average of Martens hardnesses measured at a pushing force of 0.04 mN is 2 N/mm.sup.2 or more and 20 N/mm.sup.2 or less, and an average of adhesivenesses measured with a scanning probe microscope in a field of view of 2-micrometer square is 70 mV or less.

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 m in the surface layer.