An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer which exhibits excellent dispersibility of fluorine atom-containing resin particles, and suppresses the occurrence of ghost images. The surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having specific structural units.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, in which an outermost surface layer contains a charge transport material, two or more kinds of resins, and a phenolic compound, and RzJIS on an outer peripheral surface is 0.1 nm or more and 100 nm or less.

A conductive substrate for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical conductive substrate, in which in a power spectrum obtained through fast Fourier transform of the roughness profile in the axial direction of the inner circumferential surface of the conductive substrate at both end portions in the axial direction, the sum S of intensity within the period range of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm is 0.02 or greater and 0.10 or less.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor, a charging device that charges a surface of the photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the photoreceptor, a developing device that contains a developer containing a toner and develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that has a cleaning blade coming into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor to clean the surface of the photoreceptor, in which the toner contains toner particles, titanate compound particles, and silica particles, a surface layer of the photoreceptor contains a polyarylate resin that has a dicarboxylic acid unit (A) represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit (B) represented by Formula (B), and the cleaning blade has a first polyurethane layer that is a layer coming into contact with the photoreceptor and has a hardness of 85 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less, and a second polyurethane layer that is a layer supporting the first polyurethane layer and has a hardness of 55 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less.

##STR00001##

In Formula (A), Ar.sup.A1 and Ar.sup.A2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.A is a single bond or a divalent linking group, and n.sup.A1 is 0, 1, or 2.

In Formula (B), Ar.sup.B1 and Ar.sup.B2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.B is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or C(Rb.sup.1)(Rb.sup.2), and n.sup.B1 is 0, 1, or 2, where Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.

An image forming method includes charging operation a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor that does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region; forming an electrostatic latent image; developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer to form a toner image; transferring the toner image to a surface of a recording medium; and cleaning the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing a cleaning blade into contact with the surface after the toner image is transferred, wherein a dynamic friction coefficient in a contact portion between the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the cleaning blade is 0.2 or greater and 0.6 or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, in which an outermost surface layer contains a charge transport material, a polyarylate resin, and silicone oil, and a content of the silicone oil is 0.001 ppm or more and 15000.000 ppm or less with respect to the outermost surface layer, and a residual amount of an aromatic carboxylic acid halide per unit mass of the outermost surface layer is 1510.sup.8 mol/g or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a lamination-type photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer and having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material and a polyarylate resin, the polyarylate resin contains a dicarboxylic acid unit represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit represented by Formula (B), and an electrostatic capacity of the undercoat layer is 1.010.sup.10 F or more and 3.010.sup.9 F or less,

##STR00001## in Formula (A), Ar.sup.A1 and Ar.sup.A2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.A is a single bond or a divalent linking group, and n.sup.A1 is 0, 1, or 2, in Formula (B), Ar.sup.B1 and Ar.sup.B2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.B is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or C(Rb.sup.1)(Rb.sup.2)-, and n.sup.B1 is 0, 1, or 2, where Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.