A polycarbonate copolymer includes: a repeating unit represented by a formula (1) below; and a repeating unit represented by a formula (2) below, in which the repeating unit represented by the formula (1) is formed from a bischloroformate oligomer having an average number of monomer units n represented by a formula (100) below in a range from 0.1 to 1.3. In the formulae (100) and (1), Ar.sup.1 represents a group represented by a formula (3) below. In the formula (2), Ar.sup.2 represents a divalent aromatic group. In the formula (3) below, X.sub.1 represents a single bond or an oxygen atom. R.sub.11 each independently represents a methyl group or an ethyl group. ##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic apparatus having high positive chargeability even in an electrophotographic apparatus that simultaneously uses toner containing alumina particles as an external additive and a photosensitive member containing a polyarylate resin excellent in mechanical strength. In the electrophotographic apparatus, the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a monolayer type photosensitive layer containing a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material, and a binder resin, the photosensitive layer contains a polyarylate resin having a structural unit represented by the formula (1) and a structural unit represented by the formula (2) as the binder resin, the toner is toner containing toner particles, the toner particles each contain a toner base particle and an external additive adhering to a surface of the toner base particle, and the external additive contains at least aluminum oxide particles.

Provided is an electrophotographic apparatus including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member; a charging unit; an exposing unit; and a developing unit, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a monolayer type photosensitive layer containing a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material, and a first binder resin, wherein the photosensitive layer contains, as the first binder resin, a polyester resin having specific structural units, wherein the developing unit is a developing roller including a shaft body, an elastic layer arranged on an outer periphery of the shaft body, and a coating layer arranged on an outer periphery of the elastic layer, and wherein the coating layer contains a second binder resin and a silica particle.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, in which an outermost surface layer contains a charge transport material, two or more kinds of resins, and a phenolic compound, and RzJIS on an outer peripheral surface is 0.1 nm or more and 100 nm or less.

A conductive substrate for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical conductive substrate, in which in a power spectrum obtained through fast Fourier transform of the roughness profile in the axial direction of the inner circumferential surface of the conductive substrate at both end portions in the axial direction, the sum S of intensity within the period range of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm is 0.02 or greater and 0.10 or less.

An image forming method includes charging operation a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor that does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region; forming an electrostatic latent image; developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer to form a toner image; transferring the toner image to a surface of a recording medium; and cleaning the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing a cleaning blade into contact with the surface after the toner image is transferred, wherein a dynamic friction coefficient in a contact portion between the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the cleaning blade is 0.2 or greater and 0.6 or less.