Provided is an image bearing member for electrophotography, the image bearing member being excellent in abrasion resistance, scratch resistance, and toner releasability, and being capable of preventing the occurrence of image defects due to cleaning failure for a long period. The image bearing member for electrophotography according to the present invention includes a surface layer formed of a polymerization-cured product of a radical polymerizable composition. The radical polymerizable composition contains a radical polymerizable perfluoropolyether compound (radical polymerizable PFPE), and the ratio of the average number of fluorine atoms to the average number of radical polymerizable functional groups in the radical polymerizable PFPE is 2.0 to 20.0.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses electric potential fluctuations in repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a compound having a structure represented by formula (1), and the protective layer includes a resin having a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3).

Provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each of which is reduced in fogging for reducing a toner consumption. Specifically, provided is a process cartridge, which is removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit containing a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner is a toner including a toner particle, and has a polyvalent acid metal salt on at least part of a surface of the toner particle, wherein the polyvalent acid metal salt includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, and wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a resin including a siloxane segment.

Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies wear resistance and electrical characteristics, and in which image deletion is satisfactorily suppressed, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer which includes a polymerized product of a hole transporting substance having a reactive functional group, in which a structure other than the reactive functional group of the hole transporting substance is one of: a structure consisting of a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom; and a structure consisting of a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom, and the structure other than the reactive functional group of the hole transporting substance comprises a specific conjugate structure.

An electrophotographic image support includes: a conductive support; a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support; and a protective layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, the protective layer being formed of a polymerized cured product of a radically polymerizable composition containing a radically polymerizable monomer and a perfluoropolyether compound having a radically polymerizable functional group, the perfluoropolyether compound having the radically polymerizable functional group being represented by the following formula (1):

[Chemical Formula 1]

(B).sub.l-A-CF.sub.2O(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O).sub.m(CF.sub.2O).sub.nCF.sub.2-A-(B).sub.l  (1)

wherein A represents a linking group having a molecular weight of 100 or more and 400 or less, B represents a radically polymerizable functional group, l represents an integer of 2 or more, and m and n each represent an integer of 0 or more, wherein m+n≧1.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an intermediate layer, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer laminated on a conductive support in this order, wherein a cured product of a polymerizable monomer contains an electron transport agent and n-type metal oxide fine particles to which a reactive organic group is bonded in the surface layer.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound and a specific compound.

As an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a protective layer (an outermost layer), a photosensitive layer and a conductive support, wherein the protective layer (the outermost layer) comprises a polymer obtained by polymerizing a compound having a chain polymerizable functional group, and the photosensitive layer comprises a hole transport material satisfying the following formula (1) and an electron transport material satisfying the following formula (2):

600≤a  (1)

400≤b  (2) in the formula (1), a represents a molecular weight of the hole transport material, and in the formula (2), b represents a molecular weight of the electron transport material.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable siloxane, an acrylic polymer with pigment affinic groups, nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with a urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups. The outermost layer of an organic photoconductors is coated with the overcoat formulation of the present invention then cured. The resulting cured overcoated organic photoconductor has improved wear resistance and importantly does not negatively altering the electrophotographic properties of the organic photoconductor.