There is provided a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member, wherein an outer surface of the charging member is composed of at least a matrix and at least a part of domains, a volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.0×10.sup.5 times or more of a volume resistivity of the domain, an average value Sd of circle equivalent diameters of the domains observed on the outer surface of the charging member is in a predetermined range, the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in this order and when a surface roughness of the protective layer is measured, each of a protruding valley portion Rvk, a load length ratio Mr2, and Sd/Rvk is in a predetermined range.

As an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a protective layer (an outermost layer), a photosensitive layer and a conductive support, wherein the protective layer (the outermost layer) comprises a polymer obtained by polymerizing a compound having a chain polymerizable functional group, and the photosensitive layer comprises a hole transport material satisfying the following formula (1) and an electron transport material satisfying the following formula (2):

600≤a  (1)

400≤b  (2) in the formula (1), a represents a molecular weight of the hole transport material, and in the formula (2), b represents a molecular weight of the electron transport material.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support having a thickness of 3 mm or more, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and a surface protection layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, in which the surface protection layer is a layer composed of a film formed by curing a composition including a reactive group-containing charge transporting material including a reactive group and a charge transporting skeleton in the same molecule, or a film formed by curing a composition including an unreactive charge transporting material and a reactive group-containing non-charge transporting material that does not include a charge transporting skeleton and includes a reactive group, and the ratio of the degree of cure of the conductive support-side surface of the surface protection layer which faces the conductive support to the degree of cure of the outer periphery-side surface of the surface protection layer which serves as the outer periphery is 75% or more.

There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor including: a conductive support; and a photosensitive layer and a protective layer containing a cured product obtained by curing a curable compound, which are sequentially disposed on the conductive support. An area ratio A/B is 0.0045 or less, where A is an absorbance area at a wavelength of 1647 cm.sup.−1 to 1627 cm.sup.−1 and B is an absorbance area of a peak at a wavelength of 1800 cm.sup.−1 to 1647 cm.sup.−1 in an infrared absorption spectrum measurement of the protective layer. The photosensitive layer contains at least a hole transport material (HTM) and a radical acceptor compound. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a protective layer with a high curing degree and having good initial electrical characteristics, excellent strong exposure characteristics, and excellent transfer repeatability.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having specific structural units.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer that is excellent in dispersibility of a fluorine atom-containing resin particle and suppresses a potential fluctuation at the time of repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member having the surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes the fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having a specific structural unit.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, which is excellent in dispersibility of fluorine atom-containing resin particles and is suppressed from causing a ghost image. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having specific structural units.

There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor including: a conductive support; and a photosensitive layer and a protective layer containing a cured product obtained by curing a curable compound, which are sequentially disposed on the conductive support. The photoreceptor has a Martens hardness of 255 N/mm.sup.2 or more. The photosensitive layer contains at least a hole transport material (HTM), and an energy difference between a HOMO level and a LUMO level of the hole transport material (HTM) is greater than 3.6 eV and 4.0 eV or less.

The present invention provides an electrophotographic image forming method using an electrophotographic photoconductor. The electrophotographic photoconductor has a protective layer. The surface of the protective layer has a projection structure. The average distance between neighboring projections among a plurality of projections R is set within the range of 100 to 250 nm. A toner including titanate compound particles attached to toner base particles is used.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.