A process cartridge using an image forming apparatus, including a rotatable image bearing member having a circumferential surface; a developing unit configured to supply a developing agent to the image bearing member; and a cleaning member that cleans the circumferential surface, wherein the developing agent contains a toner including toner particles and a metal soap, the image bearing member includes a plurality of grooves formed on the circumferential surface to extend in a circumferential direction of the circumferential surface and to be arranged side by side in a rotation axis direction, and the plurality of grooves and portions between the grooves form concave-convex portions on the circumferential surface. The circumferential surface of the image bearing member had surface roughness Rz of 0<Rz0.70 m and average interval Sm between concave-convex portions on the circumferential surface of 0<Sm70.0 m.

A photosensitive body is provided. The photosensitive body includes a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer formed on the photosensitive layer, and the protective layer includes a urethane oligomer acrylate and a modified perfluoropolyether acrylate.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer and a surface layer on or above a support in this order, in which the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a specific binder resin, the surface layer contains a charge transporting substance, fluororesin particles, and a specific binder resin, an arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the undercoat layer is 0.15 m or less, a refractive index (a) of the metal oxide particles and a refractive index (b) of the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer satisfy a specific relationship, and a refractive index (c) of the binder resin contained in the surface layer and a refractive index (d) of the fluororesin particles satisfy a specific relationship.

There is provided an electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained by sequentially laminating at least a photosensitive layer and an outermost layer on a conductive support, wherein the outermost layer contains a polymerized and cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and a filler, and the filler includes a conductive first filler surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain in a side chain, and a second filler having a relative dielectric constant which is lower than that of the first filler and 5 or less.

An image forming method forms an image by performing charging, exposing, developing, and transferring in a rotation direction of a rotationally driven photoreceptor, wherein the charging is performed by a roller charging method, exposing a surface of the photoreceptor to light and eliminating charges on the surface of the photoreceptor are included between the developing and the transferring, the photoreceptor includes at least a charge transporting layer and a protective layer laminated on the charge transporting layer on a conductive support, and energy of light for irradiation in the exposing the surface of the photoreceptor to light is in a range of 0.0001 to 500 W/mm.sup.2 on the surface of the photoreceptor.

A dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle includes a polytetrafluoroethylene particle; and a dispersant that contains a fluorine atom and is attached to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle. The dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle has a particle size distribution index [D.sub.50-D.sub.10] of 50 nm or more.

Provided is a means in which in a tandem type electrophotographic image forming apparatus, image deletion of a formed image is suppressed, passing through of a toner is suppressed, and the lifetime of an organic photoreceptor and the apparatus itself is prolonged. The invention relates to a tandem type electrophotographic image forming apparatus using an organic photoreceptor in which at least a charge generating layer and a charge transfer layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support body, in which in at least one of combinations of two adjacent image forming units including toners having colors different from each other, a linear pressure P1 of a cleaning blade A included in the image forming unit disposed on an upstream side, and a linear pressure P2 of a cleaning unit blade B included in the image forming unit disposed on a downstream side, satisfy a predetermined relationship.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member suppressing potential variation due to repeated use is provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer contains: a resin including a structure represented by a general formula (1) and a structure represented by a general formula (2); and a compound represented by a general formula (3), the molar ratio of the proportion of the structure represented by the general formula (2) to the proportion of the structure represented by the general formula (1) in the resin is 0.0002 to 0.1000 in a molar ratio, and the molar ratio of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (3) to the content of the structure represented by the general formula (1) in the resin in the protective layer is 0.0002 to 0.1000 in a molar ratio.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a surface layer, in which the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition which contains at least a compound represented by the following general formula (1) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2), a content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) in the composition is 25 mass % or more and 70 mass % or less with respect to a total content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) and the compound represented by the general formula (2), and the total content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) and the compound represented by the general formula (2) is 55 mass % or more with respect to a total mass of the composition.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in sequence, a support, a conductive layer, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. The conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative.