An arrangement involving printed conductive traces includes at least a voltage source (V.sub.supply) and at least one target component, preferably a light-emitting component such as an LED. The arrangement is adapted to produce a current-controlled voltage (V.sub.OUT2, V.sub.out) originating from the voltage source, the current-controlled voltage being coupled to the at least one target component, wherein said voltage is dependent on the current (I.sub.R,LED, I.sub.LED) that is being passed through the target component and said voltage is adaptable to a varying resistance of the arrangement and its features.

A driving device for multi-axis common-mode voice coil motor is provided, which includes a control signal processing interface and a plurality of drive-stage circuits. The control signal processing interface generates a plurality of control signals and a plurality of command signals. The drive-stage circuits receive the control signals and the command signals respectively; each of the drive-stage circuits is connected to one end of one of the coils of a voice coil motor and includes a half-bridge switch circuit; the drive-stage circuit controls the half-bridge switch circuit to generate a driving current to drive the coil according to the control signal. The drive-stage circuit compares the feedback signal of the feedback elements of the coil loop with the command signal to generate an adjustment signal and adjusts the driving current according to the adjustment signal, such that the driving current can track the command signal.

A driving device for multi-axis common-mode voice coil motor is provided, which includes a control signal processing interface and a plurality of drive-stage circuits. The control signal processing interface generates a plurality of control signals and a plurality of command signals. The drive-stage circuits receive the control signals and the command signals respectively; each of the drive-stage circuits is connected to one end of one of the coils of a voice coil motor and includes a half-bridge switch circuit; the drive-stage circuit controls the half-bridge switch circuit to generate a driving current to drive the coil according to the control signal. The drive-stage circuit compares the feedback signal of the feedback elements of the coil loop with the command signal to generate an adjustment signal and adjusts the driving current according to the adjustment signal, such that the driving current can track the command signal.

There is provided a regulator including: a first transistor connected between an input terminal and an output terminal; a feedback circuit configured to control a control voltage of a control electrode of the first transistor so that a voltage of the output terminal reaches a target voltage according to a feedback voltage proportional to an output voltage; a second transistor having a control electrode to which the control voltage is applied in common with the first transistor; a first resistor connected with the second transistor in series between the input terminal and the output terminal; and a current limiting circuit configured to detect a voltage generated across the first resistor and to change the control voltage so as to limit a current flowing through the first transistor.

There is provided a regulator including: a first transistor connected between an input terminal and an output terminal; a feedback circuit configured to control a control voltage of a control electrode of the first transistor so that a voltage of the output terminal reaches a target voltage according to a feedback voltage proportional to an output voltage; a second transistor having a control electrode to which the control voltage is applied in common with the first transistor; a first resistor connected with the second transistor in series between the input terminal and the output terminal; and a current limiting circuit configured to detect a voltage generated across the first resistor and to change the control voltage so as to limit a current flowing through the first transistor.

An apparatus is provided, which includes energy storage circuitry to store energy and to supply some of the energy to the apparatus. Discharge circuitry discharges the energy storage circuitry in response to the energy being supplied to the apparatus. Power supply circuitry recharges the energy storage circuitry. The discharge circuitry retains a non-zero residual energy in the energy storage circuitry when the energy storage circuitry is discharged by the discharge circuitry.

An apparatus is provided, which includes energy storage circuitry to store energy and to supply some of the energy to the apparatus. Discharge circuitry discharges the energy storage circuitry in response to the energy being supplied to the apparatus. Power supply circuitry recharges the energy storage circuitry. The discharge circuitry retains a non-zero residual energy in the energy storage circuitry when the energy storage circuitry is discharged by the discharge circuitry.

An arrangement involving printed conductive traces, the arrangement including at least a voltage source (V.sub.supply) and at least one target component, preferably a light-emitting component such as an LED. The arrangement is adapted to produce a current-controlled voltage (V.sub.OUT2, V.sub.out) originating from the voltage source, the current-controlled voltage being coupled to the at least one target component, wherein said voltage is dependent on the current (I.sub.R,LED, I.sub.LED) that is being passed through the target component.

An arrangement involving printed conductive traces, the arrangement including at least a voltage source (V.sub.supply) and at least one target component, preferably a light-emitting component such as an LED. The arrangement is adapted to produce a current-controlled voltage (V.sub.OUT2, V.sub.out) originating from the voltage source, the current-controlled voltage being coupled to the at least one target component, wherein said voltage is dependent on the current (I.sub.R,LED, I.sub.LED) that is being passed through the target component.

A comparator. The comparator includes two back-to-back inverters, a differential pair, and a first common mode compensation transistor. The differential pair has two outputs configured to receive respective series currents from, or supply respective series currents to, the back-to-back inverters. The first common mode compensation transistor is configured to supply a compensating current to, or draw a compensating current from, a first output of the two outputs of the differential pair.