This invention provides compounds of formula I: ##STR00001##
wherein a, b, c, d, m, n, p, s, t, W, Ar.sup.1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, and R.sup.8 are as defined in the specification. The compounds of formula I are muscarinic receptor antagonists. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds and methods of using such compounds to treat pulmonary disorders.

A method of charging a container for use in a medication delivery apparatus wherein the propellant used comprises 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a) is described.

A pharmaceutical composition is described. The composition may include a drug component and a propellant component. The drug component comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA) selected from formoterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. At least 90 weight % of the propellant component is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).

Formulations containing pharmaceutical active agent, propellant, and water at least partially adsorbed on or absorbed within one or more nylon pellets or nylon components of, for example, an inhaler such as a metered dose inhaler. Canisters, typically sealed canisters, containing such formulations. Inhalers, such as metered dose inhalers, containing such canisters. Methods of making and using the same.

Provided herein are oronasal formulations including a cannabinoid and N-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester (APM). Also provided are methods of using the formulations.

A pharmaceutical composition is described. The composition comprises: (i) a drug component comprising at least one tiotropium compound selected from tiotropium and the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof; and (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).

The invention relates to a foam formulation comprising an essentially emulsifier-free emulsion of the oil in water type, comprising an oil phase and a water phase.

Formulations of tegavivint and related compounds, methods of making such formulations and methods of treating various conditions utilizing such formulations.

A pharmaceutical composition is described. The composition comprises a drug component consisting of at least one indacaterol compound selected from indacaterol and indacaterol maleate, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate; and a propellant component at least 90 weight % of which is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).

A pharmaceutical composition is described. The composition comprises: (i) a drug component comprising at least one salmeterol compound selected from salmeterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof; and (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).