The invention is a method for treating patients with Parkinson's disease, primary parkinsonism/idiopathic parkinsonism, post-encephalitic parkinsonism, parkinsonism that may follow carbon monoxide intoxication, or parkinsonism that may follow manganese intoxication and provides an improvement of a patient's total post-dose On time or Good On time compared to post-dose of treatment regimens with oral immediate release levodopa tablets.

The invention is a method for treating patients with Parkinson's disease, primary parkinsonism/idiopathic parkinsonism, post-encephalitic parkinsonism, parkinsonism that may follow carbon monoxide intoxication, or parkinsonism that may follow manganese intoxication and provides an improvement of a patient's total post-dose Off time compared to post-dose of treatment regimens with oral immediate release levodopa tablets.

A method of preventing progression of an appearance or effect of aging in a subject is provided. A method of preventing, limiting, or inhibiting injury to skin integrity in a subject is also provided. A method of substantially maintaining a state of skin integrity in a subject is further provided. A method of preventing a topographical change of a cutaneous layer of skin in a subject is still further provided. The methods comprise administering an effective amount of a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to the subject. Related preparations and kits are also provided.

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases associated with the presence of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host, which compositions comprise viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia. The compositions further comprise one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, E. coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, and fungi. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of the same chronic diseases comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases associated with the presence of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host, which compositions comprise viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia. The compositions further comprise one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, E. coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, and fungi. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of the same chronic diseases comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.

The disclosure provides oral cysteamine and cystamine formulations useful for treating cystinosis and neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. The formulations provide controlled release compositions that improve quality of life and reduced side-effects.

The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, methods for the treatment of, and related diagnostics and computer-implementable systems that relate to, the treatment of a variety of metabolic syndromes, including hyperlipidemia, weight gain, obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, fatty liver diseases and certain chronic inflammatory states. In an additional aspect of the invention, compositions and methods of treatment are calibrated to the ileal brake response to surgical intervention e.g. RYGB, as both activate the ileal brake, which acts in the gastrointestinal tract and the liver of a mammal to control metabolic syndrome manifestations and thereby reverse or ameliorate the cardiovascular damage (atherosclerosis, hypertension, lipid accumulation, and the like) resulting from progression of metabolic syndrome. The net benefit is the potential to treat all of the common manifestations of metabolic syndrome, including T2D and obesity, with one medicament, which contains glucose as an activation agent for the ileal brake. The ileal brake is the controller for progression of metabolic syndrome, and both RYGB surgery and the oral formulation act beneficially on the metabolic syndrome manifestations via this pathway. Disclosed as well are combination medicaments that act synergistically on the ileal brake and the manifestations of metabolic syndrome.

In other aspects, the invention provides ileal brake hormone releasing compositions, methods of treatment, diagnostics, and related systems useful in selective control of appetite, stabilizing blood glucose and insulin levels, and treating gastrointestinal disorders in a similar manner to RYGB surgery, but having at least 20% of the potency to stimulate the hormonal response of the ileal brake of humans.

The invention is a method for treating patients with Parkinson's disease by orally administering a controlled release levodopa formulation and the method provides an improvement of a patient's total post-dose Off time, total post dose On time and total post dose Good On time compared to post-dose of treatment regimens with oral immediate release levodopa tablets.

The invention is a method for treating levodopa nave patients with Parkinson's disease by orally administering a controlled release levodopa formulation twice a day to the levodopa nave patient and the method provides an improvement of a patient's motor state as determined by patient's Parkinson's disease diary, provides a reduction of from about 10%-40% in the patient's tremor, dyskinesia, and/or mobility and/or provides a reduction in the patient's Movement Disorders Society version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) scores by at least 3 points.

The invention is a method for treating patients with Parkinson's disease by orally administering a controlled release levodopa formulation and the method provides an improvement of a patient's total post-dose Off time, total post dose On time and total post dose Good On time compared to post-dose of treatment regimens with oral immediate release levodopa tablets.