The disclosure provides nicotinamide riboside (NR), the reduced form of NR (NRH), nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), the reduced form of NAR (NARH), derivatives thereof, compositions thereof and uses thereof. The NR and NAR derivatives have improved stability and bioavailability compared to NR and NAR. NR, NRH, NAR, NARH, and derivatives thereof can increase cellular NAD.sup.+ levels and enhance mitochondrial and cellular function and cell viability. Therefore, NR, NRH, NAR, NARH, and derivatives thereof, whether alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents (e.g., a mitochondrial uncoupler or/and a PARP inhibitor), are useful for treating mitochondrial diseases, mitochondria-related diseases and conditions, metabolic disorders, and other disorders and conditions.

The present invention relates to substituted stilbenes and dienones which exhibit unexpected dual activity, as inhibitors of NFB and as agonists (activators) of Nrf2. In particular, these compounds show dual activity and it has been discovered that these compounds are particularly useful in the treatment of certain cosmetic applications and in rejuvenating and beautifying skin and other keratinous tissue of a subject in need. Cosmetic compositions and methods of using said compositions in combination with other components are disclosed herein.

The present invention relates to substituted stilbenes and dienones which exhibit unexpected dual activity, as inhibitors of NFB and as agonists (activators) of Nrf2. In particular, these compounds show dual activity and it has been discovered that these compounds are particularly useful in the treatment of certain cosmetic applications and in rejuvenating and beautifying skin and other keratinous tissue of a subject in need. Cosmetic compositions and methods of using said compositions in combination with other components are disclosed herein.

A method of treating a host of neuromuscular, neurodegenerative, developmental, autoimmune and metabolic diseases/disorders related to aging, such as traumatic injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Lupus, Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), myasthenia gravis (MG), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Graves' disease, Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS), metabolic syndrome, Muscular Dystrophy or Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), severe burns, aging, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Friedreich's Ataxia, Batten Disease, Alzheimer's disease, optic neuritis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), autism, Rett syndrome, Batten Disease, Angelman's Syndrome, Leigh disease, Fragile-X Syndrome, depression, Parkinson's disease, mitochondrial diseases, developmental disorders, metabolic disease disorders and/or autoimmune disorders by inducing endogenous BDNF expression with DNP treatment to protect from neuromuscular dysfunction/disorders and/or neurodegeneration and/or muscle wasting. DNP was administered to mice daily over a range of doses, and subsequently BDNF expression in the brain showed a dose dependent and non-linear increase in expression.

A method of treating a host of neuromuscular, neurodegenerative, developmental, autoimmune and metabolic diseases/disorders related to aging, such as traumatic injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Lupus, Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), myasthenia gravis (MG), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Graves' disease, Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS), metabolic syndrome, Muscular Dystrophy or Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), severe burns, aging, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Friedreich's Ataxia, Batten Disease, Alzheimer's disease, optic neuritis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), autism, Rett syndrome, Batten Disease, Angelman's Syndrome, Leigh disease, Fragile-X Syndrome, depression, Parkinson's disease, mitochondrial diseases, developmental disorders, metabolic disease disorders and/or autoimmune disorders by inducing endogenous BDNF expression with DNP treatment to protect from neuromuscular dysfunction/disorders and/or neurodegeneration and/or muscle wasting. DNP was administered to mice daily over a range of doses, and subsequently BDNF expression in the brain showed a dose dependent and non-linear increase in expression.

An object of the present invention is to provide an immunopotentiating agent for reducing Tregs (in particular, effector Tregs) and potentiating tumor immunity or infection immunity. Imatinib and/or a salt thereof has the action of reducing Tregs (in particular, effector Tregs) and potentiating tumor immunity or infection immunity, and can be used as an active ingredient for the immunopotentiating agent.

The present invention includes a low dose and sustained release formulation of a mitochondrial uncoupling agent The compositions of the invention are useful for preventing or treating a disease or disorder, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance and/or diabetes, in a subject in need thereof.

The present invention includes a low dose and sustained release formulation of a mitochondrial uncoupling agent The compositions of the invention are useful for preventing or treating a disease or disorder, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance and/or diabetes, in a subject in need thereof.

The present invention relates to the following compounds ##STR00001##
wherein the integers are as defined in the description, and where the compounds may be useful as medicaments, for instance for use in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Described herein are compositions and methods for diagnosing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), treating LOAD and assessing efficacy of therapeutic agents used to treat LOAD.