A memory-testing circuit configured to perform a test of reference bits in a memory. In a read operation, outputs of data bit columns are compared with one or more reference bit columns. The memory-testing circuit comprises: a test controller and association adjustment circuitry configurable by the test controller to associate another one or more reference bit columns or one or more data bit columns with the data bit columns in the read operation. The test controller can determine whether the original one or more reference bit columns have a defect based on results from the two different association.

When selectively erasing one sub-block, a control circuit applies, in a first sub-block, a first voltage to bit lines and a source line, and applies a second voltage smaller than the first voltage to the word lines. Then, the control circuit applies a third voltage lower than the first voltage by a certain value to a drain-side select gate line and a source-side select gate line, thereby performing the erase operation in the first sub-block. The control circuit applies, in a second sub-block existing in an identical memory block to the selected sub-block, a fourth voltage substantially identical to the first voltage to the drain side select gate line and the source side select gate line, thereby not performing the erase operation in the second sub-block.

Memory array structures might include a first conductive plate connected to memory cells of a first dummy block of memory cells and to memory cells of a second dummy block of memory cells on opposing sides of a first isolation region; a second conductive plate connected to memory cells of the first dummy block of memory cells and to memory cells of the second dummy block of memory cells on opposing sides of a second isolation region; first and second conductors selectively connected to a first global access line, and connected to the first conductive plate on opposing sides of the first isolation region; third and fourth conductors selectively connected to a second global access line, and connected to the second conductive plate on opposing sides of the second isolation region; and a fifth conductor connected to the third conductor and connected to the second conductor.

An operation method of a memory device may include performing a program operation on a memory block in response to a program command from a controller, and applying a program voltage to a dummy word line coupled to dummy cells within the memory block such that the dummy cells have an indication threshold voltage higher than a normal pass voltage and providing a program fail signal to the controller when the program operation fails.

An apparatus includes a static random-access memory and circuitry configured to initiate a corrective action associated with the static random-access memory. The corrective action may be initiated based on a number of static random-access memory cells that have a particular state responsive to a power-up of the static random-access memory.

An apparatus includes a static random-access memory and circuitry configured to initiate a corrective action associated with the static random-access memory. The corrective action may be initiated based on a number of static random-access memory cells that have a particular state responsive to a power-up of the static random-access memory.

The present invention provides a memory controller including a decoder, an error bit counter and a refresh rate control circuit. The decoder is configured to receive and decode data from a memory module to generate decoded data. The error counter is coupled to the decoder, and is configured to generate error bit information of the data. The refresh rate control circuit is coupled to the error counter, and is configured to determine a refresh rate of the memory module according to the error bit information.

The present invention provides a memory controller including a decoder, an error bit counter and a refresh rate control circuit. The decoder is configured to receive and decode data from a memory module to generate decoded data. The error counter is coupled to the decoder, and is configured to generate error bit information of the data. The refresh rate control circuit is coupled to the error counter, and is configured to determine a refresh rate of the memory module according to the error bit information.

A memory array includes a plurality of memory cells arranged in a matrix, each memory cell including a cell transistor and a variable resistance element connected to an end of the cell transistor, and a cell transistor performance measuring cell including a MOS transistor. The cell transistor performance measuring cell is used to stabilize resistance values in a low resistance state and a high resistance state of the variable resistance element irrespective of variations in the cell transistor and thereby improve read characteristics and reliability characteristics of a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device.

A memory array includes a plurality of memory cells arranged in a matrix, each memory cell including a cell transistor and a variable resistance element connected to an end of the cell transistor, and a cell transistor performance measuring cell including a MOS transistor. The cell transistor performance measuring cell is used to stabilize resistance values in a low resistance state and a high resistance state of the variable resistance element irrespective of variations in the cell transistor and thereby improve read characteristics and reliability characteristics of a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device.