This disclosure provides a method for polymerizing polyphenols to provide polyphenol polymers using peroxidase and similar catalysis. In various aspects, it provides a method for polymerizing a polyphenol (e.g., polydopamine or a derivative or conjugate thereof) on a surface comprising polymerizing the polyphenol, a method for detecting an analyte comprising polymerizing a polyphenol, and an assay kit comprising a polyphenol (e.g., dopamine or a dopamine derivative). In one embodiment, a method for polymerizing a polyphenol includes contacting the polyphenol and an oxidant with an enzyme having peroxidase-like activity, under conditions sufficient to polymerize the polyphenol. In another embodiment, a method for depositing a polyphenol polymer (e.g., a polydopamine) includes providing, at a target site, an enzyme having peroxidase-like activity immobilized at the surface; and polymerizing, at the target site, a polyphenol in the presence of an oxidant and the enzyme to provide the polyphenol polymer, deposited on the surface.

Methods are provided for determining the presence of a first ligand in a sample. In some embodiments depletion conjugates are used to deplete the ligands different from but related to the first ligands from the sample. In some embodiments, interim binding agents are used to enhance the test signal.

Test devices are provided for determining the presence of a first ligand in a sample. In some embodiments depletion conjugates are used to deplete the ligands different from but related to the first ligands from the sample.

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for assessing viral, e.g., HIV, infection duration in a subject. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to for assessing viral, e.g., HIV, infection duration in a subject using, inter alia, a reader configured to measure both the number of signal pixels and the intensities of signal pixels to generate a quantitative signal readout that is used to assess average antibody avidity of an anti-viral antibody, e.g., an anti-HIV antibody, in a sample liquid and/or viral, e.g., HIV, infection duration in a subject.

Methods are provided for determining the presence of a first ligand in a sample. In some embodiments depletion conjugates are used to deplete the ligands different from but related to the first ligands from the sample. In some embodiments, interim binding agents are used to enhance the test signal.

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for assessing viral, e.g., HIV, infection duration in a subject. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to for assessing viral, e.g., HIV, infection duration in a subject using, inter alia, a reader configured to measure both the number of signal pixels and the intensities of signal pixels to generate a quantitative signal readout that is used to assess average antibody avidity of an anti-viral antibody, e.g., an anti-HIV antibody, in a sample liquid and/or viral, e.g., HIV, infection duration in a subject.

The present invention relates to methods of detecting one or more targets of interest in a sample. In one instance, the target can be correlated to an active infection (e.g., by a virus and/or a bacterium). Methods can include treating the sample with a dissociation agent, thereby releasing the target of interest for more accurate detection (e.g., by use of a sedimentation-based centrifugal microfluidic devices). Also described herein are microfluidic devices and systems for use with a dissociation agent.

This disclosure relates to a virus-like particle in which a small molecule-protein complex is entrapped, ensuring the formation of the small molecule-protein complex under physiological conditions, while protecting the small molecule-protein complex during purification and identification. The disclosure further relates to the use of such virus-like particle for the isolation and identification of small molecule-protein complexes.

This disclosure relates to a virus-like particle in which a small molecule-protein complex is entrapped, ensuring the formation of the small molecule-protein complex under physiological conditions, while protecting the small molecule-protein complex during purification and identification. The disclosure further relates to the use of such virus-like particle for the isolation and identification of small molecule-protein complexes.

Devices, systems and methods detect latent HIV in a patient on anti-retroviral therapy (ART), the method comprising using optical scanning to identify in a cell sample of the patient Gag+ CD4 downregulated cells as in indication of latent HIV.