A method for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in a bodily fluid sample from the subject is disclosed. Also disclosed are a method for monitoring the course of a hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis-diseases condition in a subject and a method for monitoring effectiveness of treatment to a subject with an anti-hepatitis virus agent based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject, as well as a kit for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection and/or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject.

The invention relates to peptides comprising part or all of a conserved element within a Center-of-Tree (COT) sequence derived from a family of polypeptides encoded by naturally occurring variants of HIV. The invention also relates to immunogenic compositions and vaccines comprising said peptides. The invention also relates to methods for the identification of HIV controller patients based on the detection of the T cells of the patient to mount a cytotoxic T cell response against said peptides and to methods for the identification of immunogenic peptides within a family of variant polypeptides.

A method for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in a bodily fluid sample from the subject is disclosed. Also disclosed are a method for monitoring the course of a hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject and a method for monitoring effectiveness of treatment to a subject with an anti-hepatitis virus agent based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject, as well as a kit for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection and/or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject.

A method for detecting HIV infection in a mammal is disclosed. The method contains the steps of isolating exosomes from a urine sample of a mammal and detecting the presence of HIV-specific biomarker in said isolated exosomes. A method for diagnosing a mammal with an HIV-associated disease, in particular, HIV-associated nephropathy is also disclosed.

A method for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in a bodily fluid sample from the subject is disclosed. Also disclosed are a method for monitoring the course of a hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject and a method for monitoring effectiveness of treatment to a subject with an anti-hepatitis virus agent based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject, as well as a kit for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection and/or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject.

A method for detecting HIV infection in a mammal is disclosed. The method contains the steps of isolating exosomes from a urine sample of a mammal and detecting the presence of HIV-specific biomarker in said isolated exosomes. A method for diagnosing a mammal with an HIV-associated disease, in particular, HIV-associated nephropathy is also disclosed.

Methods to inhibit the formation of retrovirus integrase reaching dimers, to dissociate retrovirus integrase reaching dimers, and to stabilize retrovirus integrase reaching dimers in a conformation in which retrovirus DNA-to host cell DNA integration activity of the integrase is inhibited are provided. Methods for treating a retrovirus infection, which target retrovirus integrase reaching dimer formation and/or stability are also provided.

A method for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in a bodily fluid sample from the subject is disclosed. Also disclosed are a method for monitoring the course of a hepatitis virus infection or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject and a method for monitoring effectiveness of treatment to a subject with an anti-hepatitis virus agent based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers present on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject, as well as a kit for diagnosing hepatitis virus infection and/or a hepatitis disease condition in a subject based on hepatitis virus-associated biomarkers on exosomes in bodily fluid samples from the subject.

In various embodiments alpha helical peptide-based bridges for molecular biosensing on-chip are disclosed. The Peptide-based bridges serve as common bridges for great diversity of biosensing applications and targets including nucleic acids, proteins, antigens, antibodies, small molecules. The primary sensor element is preferably a molecular wire such as an alpha-helical peptide integrated into a current monitoring circuit. The engineered peptide may contain a central conjugation site for attachment of various probe molecules including nucleic acids, proteins, antigens, antibodies. The probe-containing bridge empowers the sensor to detect interactions with specific target molecules.

The present disclosure relates to the field of biomedical technology, and specifically to an antibody against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 and type 2 p26 and uses thereof. The present disclosure provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof capable of specifically binding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 protein and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 p26 protein. The present disclosure also provides an antibody pair, kit and related uses thereof. Utilizing the antibody pair in immunoassays enables the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 p24 and HIV-2 p26 antigens, with the advantage of a lower limit of detection (LOD).