A universal connection system for assembling and electrically connecting proteins to make bioelectronic detectors and logic circuits, exploiting the electronic properties of ligand-receptor interactions and the quasi metallic properties of protein interiors.

An encrypted rolling code, a plurality of differing data bit order patterns, and a plurality of differing data inversion patterns are provided. One then selects a particular one of each of these patterns and uses those selected patterns as transmission characteristics when transmitting at least part of the encrypted rolling code.

Disclosed are UAP inhibitors to inhibit glucose flux in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and methods of treating a disease using the inhibitors.

Described is ELTA (Enzymatic Labeling of Terminal ADP-ribose) to label free, protein-conjugated, or nucleic acid-conjugated ADP-ribose monomer and polymers at their 2′-OH termini. When coupled with different chemical analogs, ELTA can be used for various applications including fluorescence-based biophysical measurement of PAR-protein interaction, detection of PAR length from cells, and enrichment of ADP-ribosylated peptides for mass spectrometry identification.

Binary data relating to a movable barrier operator is converted to ternary data. The ternary data is converted into corresponding binary information in a way not mirroring the first conversion method. In one approach, this second conversion converts each ternary trit into a corresponding binary pair. Initial binary bits correspond to, for example, fixed and/or non-fixed information.

Provided are SpdE polypeptides and variants and nucleic acids encoding the SpdE polypeptides and variants. Also provided are vectors including one or more nucleic acids encoding a SpdE polypeptide or variant and cells including a nucleic acid encoding the SpdE polypeptide or variant, as well as cells expressing a SpdE polypeptide or variant and compositions including such cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Finally, methods of detecting presence and/or amount of one or more amino acids in a sample are provided. The methods include contacting the sample with a SpdE protein, measuring diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein; and comparing the diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein to a control. The methods can utilize isolated SpdE protein or a cell expressing a SpdE protein.

Cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), including 23-cGAMP, 22-cGAMP, 32-cGAMP and 33-GAMP, are used in pharmaceutical formulations (including vaccine adjuvants), drug screens, therapies, and diagnostics.

Cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), including 23-cGAMP, 22-cGAMP, 32-cGAMP and 33-GAMP, are used in pharmaceutical formulations (including vaccine adjuvants), drug screens, therapies, and diagnostics.

Cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), including 23-cGAMP, 22-cGAMP, 32-cGAMP and 33-GAMP, are used in pharmaceutical formulations (including vaccine adjuvants), drug screens, therapies, and diagnostics.

Cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), including 23-cGAMP, 22-cGAMP, 32-cGAMP and 33-GAMP, are used in pharmaceutical formulations (including vaccine adjuvants), drug screens, therapies, and diagnostics.