Provided a light modulating device including a variable mirror including a plurality of lattice structures, the plurality of lattice structures including a material having a refractive index that changes based on a temperature of the material, a distributed Bragg mirror spaced apart from the variable mirror and provided above the variable mirror, the distributed Bragg mirror including a first material layer and a second material layer that are alternately stacked, and a refractive index of the first material layer being different from a refractive index of the second material layer, and a heating portion configured to heat the plurality of lattice structures and provided below the variable mirror opposite to the distributed Bragg mirror.

A thermal control system for pluggable optics in an optical platform. The thermal control system includes a heatsink and an actuator. The heatsink is configured to dissipate heat from a pluggable optical module in the optical platform. The heatsink includes a mating surface configured to make thermal contact with a module surface of the pluggable optical module inserted into the optical platform. The actuator is configured to manipulate the mating surface to change a contact area between the mating surface and the module surface such that the contact area between the mating surface and the module surface is larger for a temperature above a predetermined temperature than for a temperature below a predetermined temperature.

SMA actuators and related methods are described. One embodiment of an actuator includes a base; a plurality of buckle arms; and at least a first shape memory alloy wire coupled with a pair of buckle arms of the plurality of buckle arms. Another embodiment of an actuator includes a base and at least one bimorph actuator including a shape memory alloy material. The bimorph actuator attached to the base.

An optical device includes: a first port group P including n ports P.sub.i; a second port Q; and a wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer disposed between the first port group P and the second port Q. In a case where light beams L.sub.i of predetermined different n wavelengths .sub.i corresponding to the respective ports P.sub.i are inputted to the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer, the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer combines the light beams L.sub.i into light L and outputs the light L to the second port Q. In a case where light L is inputted to the second port Q, the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer separates the light L into light beams L.sub.i of the wavelengths .sub.i and outputs the light beams L.sub.i to the corresponding ports P.sub.i.

A MEMS element includes a substrate 200, a fixing portion 2 provided at the substrate 200, first and second actuators 3, 4 provided at the fixing portion, a drive target member 7 coupled to the first and second actuators 3, 4, a third actuator 9 provided at the fixing portion 2, and a restriction member 10 coupled to the third actuator. The first and second actuators 3, 4 drive the drive target member 7 in a direction parallel to or crossing an upper surface of the substrate 200. The third actuator 9 drives the restriction member 10 in a direction crossing a movement direction of the drive target member 7 to position the restriction member 10 within a movement plane of the drive target member 7 such that the restriction member 10 restricts displacement of the drive target member 7.

SMA actuators and related methods are described. One embodiment of an actuator includes a base; a plurality of buckle arms; and at least a first shape memory alloy wire coupled with a pair of buckle arms of the plurality of buckle arms. Another embodiment of an actuator includes a base and at least one bimorph actuator including a shape memory alloy material. The bimorph actuator attached to the base.

SMA actuators and related methods are described. One embodiment of an actuator includes a base; a plurality of buckle arms; and at least a first shape memory alloy wire coupled with a pair of buckle arms of the plurality of buckle arms. Another embodiment of an actuator includes a base and at least one bimorph actuator including a shape memory alloy material. The bimorph actuator attached to the base.

An optical device includes: a first port group P including n ports P.sub.i; a second port Q; and a wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer disposed between the first port group P and the second port Q. In a case where light beams L.sub.i of predetermined different n wavelengths .sub.i corresponding to the respective ports P.sub.i are inputted to the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer, the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer combines the light beams L.sub.i into light L and outputs the light L to the second port Q. In a case where light L is inputted to the second port Q, the wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer separates the light L into light beams L.sub.i of the wavelengths .sub.i and outputs the light beams L.sub.i to the corresponding ports P.sub.i.

A projector includes first to third panel modules, a light combiner, a projection optics module, and an optical path shifting module that shifts the optical path of projection image light enters the projection optics module. The optical path shifting module includes an optical path changing member, a first actuator that swings the optical path changing member around a first swing axis, and a second actuator that swings the optical path changing member around a second swing axis. The first panel module includes a liquid crystal panel for first light, a heat diffuser for first light, a thermoelectric conversion device for first light, and a cooler for first light. The first actuator and the second actuator are each disposed at a position separate from a side end facing the optical path shifting module out of the side ends of the thermoelectric conversion device for first light.

SMA actuators and related methods are described. One embodiment of an actuator includes a base; a plurality of buckle arms; and at least a first shape memory alloy wire coupled with a pair of buckle arms of the plurality of buckle arms. Another embodiment of an actuator includes a base and at least one bimorph actuator including a shape memory alloy material. The bimorph actuator attached to the base.