Provided is an optical apparatus that is capable of switching between a state in which the optical apparatus can reflect light and a state in which the optical apparatus can output light and suppressing deterioration of display quality of a light reflection image. The optical apparatus includes: a light emitting device having a light emitting surface; an absorption type polarizing plate disposed opposite to the light emitting surface of the light emitting device; a liquid crystal optical element disposed between the light emitting device and the absorption type polarizing plate; a reflection type polarizing plate disposed between the light emitting device and the liquid crystal optical element; and an adhesive layer disposed on a surface of the reflection type polarizing plate that faces the light emitting device.

A display panel and a display apparatus are provided. The display panel may include a first glass substrate; a second glass substrate provided in front of the first glass substrate in a first direction; and a color filter layer provided between the second glass substrate and the first glass substrate in the first direction. The color filter layer may include a plurality of color filters and a black matrix surrounding the plurality of color filters. A side edge of the black matrix may extend beyond a side edge of the first glass substrate in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction. The display apparatus may include a backlight unit and the display panel.

A substrate for a display article is described herein including (a) a primary surface; and (b) a textured region disposed at the primary surface, the textured region comprising: (i) one or more higher surfaces residing at a higher mean elevation parallel to a base-plane disposed below the textured region extending through the substrate; (ii) one or more lower surfaces residing at a lower mean elevation parallel to the base-plane; and (iii) surface features providing at a least a portion of either or both of (i) the one or more higher surfaces and (ii) the one or more lower surfaces. The surface features can include larger surface features and smaller surface features, either or both providing one or more surfaces of the substrate that reside at one or more intermediate mean elevations parallel to the base-plane between the higher mean elevation and the lower mean elevation.

Provided is an anti-glare film excellent in anti-glare properties and capable of suppressing reflected scattered light.

An anti-glare film including an anti-glare layer, the anti-glare film having an uneven surface, wherein for amplitude spectrum of elevation of the uneven surface, when a sum of amplitudes corresponding to spatial frequencies of 0.005 μm.sup.−1, 0.010 μm.sup.−1, and 0.015 μm.sup.−1 is defined as AM1 and an amplitude at a spatial frequency of 0.300 μm.sup.−1 is defined as AM2, AM1 is 0.070 μm or more and 0.400 μm or less, AM2 is 0.0050 μm or more, and AM2<AM1.

An anti-reflective film-attached transparent substrate includes: a transparent substrate including two major surfaces; and a diffusion layer and an anti-reflective film on one major surface of the transparent substrate, which are provided in this order. (A) A luminous reflectance SCI Y of an outermost surface of the anti-reflective film-attached transparent substrate is 1% or lower. (B) The anti-reflective film has a lamination structure in which at least two dielectric layers having different refractive indices are laminated. (C) A ratio (SCE Y)/(SCI Y) of a diffuse reflectance SCE Y of the outermost surface of the anti-reflective film-attached transparent substrate to the luminous reflectance SCI Y of the outermost surface of the anti-reflective film-attached transparent substrate is 0.15 or higher.

Provided is a display device including a display module, an anti-reflection layer, and a bending protection layer. The display module includes a first area, a second area, and a bending area disposed between the first area and the second area and having a predetermined curvature radius. The bending protection layer includes a first portion overlapping at least the first area and a second portion overlapping at least the bending area. The first portion has a maximum thickness in a range from about 40 μm to about 85 μm, a maximum inclined angle in a range from about 10° to 30°, and an elastic modulus in a range from about 50 MPa to about 300 MPa.

Systems and methods are provided for simulating traction power and control in transportation systems under design conditions and/or utilizing real-time data.

Provided are a display assembly, a method for manufacturing a display assembly and an electronic device. The display assembly includes: a pixel array including a plurality of pixel units; a photosensitive array including a plurality of photosensitive units, at least one of the photosensitive unit is disposed in a gap between two adjacent pixel units of the pixel array for detecting ambient light through the pixel array.

According to one embodiment, an electronic device includes a first camera, a first polarizer, a second polarizer, and a liquid crystal panel disposed between the first polarizer and the second polarizer. The liquid crystal panel includes a first scanning line, a first signal line intersecting the first scanning line, a first switching element electrically connected to the first scanning line and the first signal line, and a first control electrode electrically connected to the first switching element. The first control electrode overlaps the first camera, and is disposed in an annular first region.

A light modulating device including: a light transmissive plate having a curved surface; a light modulating cell; and an optically transparent adhesive film which is disposed between the curved surface of the light transmissive plate and the light modulating cell and attaches one side of the light modulating cell to the curved surface of the light transmissive plate.