A display device comprising a spatial light modulator having a display polariser arranged on one side of the spatial light modulator is provided with an additional polariser arranged on the same side as the display polariser and polar control retarders between the additional polariser and the display polariser. The polar control retarders include a liquid crystal retarder having two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to a layer of liquid crystal material on opposite sides. The surface alignment layers provide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component, wherein the angle of said in-plane component changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across the display device, providing reduction of luminance in directions that are offset from a viewing axis, increasing uniformity in the reduction of luminance in directions that are offset from a viewing axis.

There are provided a display substrate, a method for manufacturing a display substrate, and a liquid crystal display panel, the display substrate includes: a color filter layer disposed on a base; at least one cover layer positioned on a side of the color filter layer away from the base and including a first cover layer which is in contact with the color filter layer; at least one optical compensation layer, where each optical compensation layer is positioned on a side of the first cover layer away from the base and is configured to compensate a phase delay of light emitted from a liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal display panel; and a spacer positioned on the side of the first cover layer away from the base and being in contact with one of the at least one cover layer.

The present invention describes a liquid crystal composite tuneable device for fast polarisation-independent modulation of an incident light beam comprising: (a) two supporting and functional panels, at least one of them coated with a transparent conductive electrode layer and with optionally at least one additional layer selected from an alignment layer, antireflective coating layer, thermochromic or electrochromic layer, photoconductive or photosensitive layer, and (b) a composite structure sandwiched between said two panels and made of a liquid crystal and porous microparticles infiltrated with said liquid crystal. The porous microparticles have an average refractive index approximately equals to one of the liquid crystal principal refractive indices, matching that of the liquid crystal at one orientational state (for example, parallel n.sub.∥), and exhibiting large mismatch at another orientational state (for example, perpendicular n.sub.⊥). This refractive index mismatch between said microparticles and said liquid crystal is tuned by applying an external electric or magnetic field, thermally or optically.

The present invention describes a liquid crystal composite tuneable device for fast polarisation-independent modulation of an incident light beam comprising: (a) two supporting and functional panels, at least one of them coated with a transparent conductive electrode layer and with optionally at least one additional layer selected from an alignment layer, antireflective coating layer, thermochromic or electrochromic layer, photoconductive or photosensitive layer, and (b) a composite structure sandwiched between said two panels and made of a liquid crystal and porous microparticles infiltrated with said liquid crystal. The porous microparticles have an average refractive index approximately equals to one of the liquid crystal principal refractive indices, matching that of the liquid crystal at one orientational state (for example, parallel n.sub.∥), and exhibiting large mismatch at another orientational state (for example, perpendicular n.sub.⊥). This refractive index mismatch between said microparticles and said liquid crystal is tuned by applying an external electric or magnetic field, thermally or optically.

A optical system of a head mounted display (HMD) system that includes a lens assembly comprising a first lens element and a second lens element that are directly or indirectly coupled together, for example, via a suitable optically clear adhesive. The lens assembly may include a quarter-wave plate disposed between the first and second lens elements. The first lens element may include a surface with an anti-reflective coating thereon, and the second lens element may include a surface with a partially reflective coating thereon. The optical system may include a reflective polarizer that, together with the lens assembly, focuses light from a display system to an eye of a user of the head mounted display system.

Provided are an optical biaxially stretched plastic film, a polarizing plate, and an image display device that can suppress blackouts when viewed with polarized sunglasses, polarized goggles or the like without increasing the in-plane phase difference. In addition, a method for selecting an optical biaxially stretched plastic film is provided.

The optical biaxially stretched plastic film has a region satisfying condition 1 and condition 2 below:

<Condition 1> the difference between a luminance obtained in a specific measurement 1 and a luminance obtained in a specific measurement 2 (L1.n−L2.n) is calculated at each of 100 measurement points, and the “luminance difference variation 3σ” calculated from the luminance differences at the 100 measurement points is 100 or more; and
<Condition 2> the in-plane phase difference (Re) is 2500 nm or less.

Provided are an optical biaxially stretched plastic film, a polarizing plate, and an image display device that can suppress blackouts when viewed with polarized sunglasses, polarized goggles or the like without increasing the in-plane phase difference. In addition, a method for selecting an optical biaxially stretched plastic film is provided.

The optical biaxially stretched plastic film has a region satisfying condition 1 and condition 2 below:

<Condition 1> the difference between a luminance obtained in a specific measurement 1 and a luminance obtained in a specific measurement 2 (L1.n−L2.n) is calculated at each of 100 measurement points, and the “luminance difference variation 3σ” calculated from the luminance differences at the 100 measurement points is 100 or more; and
<Condition 2> the in-plane phase difference (Re) is 2500 nm or less.

A display apparatus including a display panel having a display surface on which an image is displayed, and a light condensing member disposed on an upper portion of the display surface. The light condensing member includes a lower condensing layer having a plurality of protrusions protruding upward, and an upper condensing layer having a higher refractive index than the lower condensing layer and disposed on an upper portion of the lower condensing layer to cover the top surface of the lower condensing layer. The protrusions include an upper surface having a planar shape, and a side surface extending downward from an edge of the upper surface and having a curved shape.

A display apparatus including a display panel having a display surface on which an image is displayed, and a light condensing member disposed on an upper portion of the display surface. The light condensing member includes a lower condensing layer having a plurality of protrusions protruding upward, and an upper condensing layer having a higher refractive index than the lower condensing layer and disposed on an upper portion of the lower condensing layer to cover the top surface of the lower condensing layer. The protrusions include an upper surface having a planar shape, and a side surface extending downward from an edge of the upper surface and having a curved shape.

A vertical alignment liquid crystal display module including a vertical alignment liquid crystal display panel and an image color switch film is provided. The image color switch film is disposed on the vertical alignment liquid crystal display panel. In various viewing angle directions having included angles of 60 degrees to 75 degrees with respect to a normal of the image color switch film, the image color switch film has a following optical characteristic: an average transmittance of a visible light transmittance spectrum of the image color switch film at an end of short wavelength is less than an average transmittance of the visible light transmittance spectrum of the image color switch film at an end of long wavelength.