A transmittance-variable film and a use thereof, where the transmittance-variable film can control pretilt of a liquid crystal interface by applying a liquid crystal alignment film containing splay oriented liquid crystal molecules, and can vertically and horizontally orient a liquid crystal layer or a liquid crystal interface according to an average tilt angle of the liquid crystal alignment film to ensure uniformity of driving and fast response speed. In addition, by applying a liquid crystal alignment film, the transmittance-variable film can be implemented in various modes with a simple coating-drying-curing method excluding the rubbing process by controlling an arrangement of liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal alignment film other than the pretilt control method using the conventional rubbing method.

A display device includes a pixel portion in which a pixel electrode layer is arranged in a matrix, and an inverted staggered thin film transistor having a combination of at least two kinds of oxide semiconductor layers with different amounts of oxygen is provided corresponding to the pixel electrode layer. In the periphery of the pixel portion in this display device, a pad portion is provided to be electrically connected to a common electrode layer formed on a counter substrate through a conductive layer made of the same material as the pixel electrode layer. One objection of our invention to prevent a defect due to separation of a thin film in various kinds of display devices is realized, by providing a structure suitable for a pad portion provided in a display panel.

The present disclosure provides a display panel and a manufacturing method of the display panel. The display panel includes: a display liquid crystal panel including a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in an array; a dimming liquid crystal panel located on a light incident side of the display liquid crystal panel and including a plurality of dimming pixels arranged in an array; and a sealant in a frame shape located between the dimming liquid crystal panel and the display liquid crystal panel, a surface of the sealant close to the dimming liquid crystal panel being adhered to the dimming liquid crystal panel, and a surface of the sealant close to the display liquid crystal panel being adhered to the display liquid crystal panel.

A substrate on which spacers are disposed in a certain arrangement state and an optical device using such a substrate are provided. A plurality of spacers are irregularly disposed on a substrate depending on a predetermined rule, so that overall uniform optical characteristics can be ensured without causing a so-called moire phenomenon or the like, while the spacers maintain the uniform cell gap in the construction of the optical device.

Provided is a dimming laminate which can effectively suppress occurrence of color unevenness and light omission. The dimming laminate according to the present invention includes a first transparent base material, a second transparent base material, and a dimming layer disposed between the first transparent base material and the second transparent base material. In this dimming laminate, the dimming layer includes a resin spacer, the resin spacer is a plurality of resin particles, and the resin spacer does not contain resin particles having a particle diameter of 1.4 times or more an average particle diameter of the resin particles or contains 0.0006% or less of the resin particles having a particle diameter of 1.4 times or more the average particle diameter of the resin particles, relative to 100% of the whole number of the resin particles.

There is provided an adhesive capable of improving the visibility and controlling gaps with high accuracy. The adhesive according to the present invention is an adhesive containing a curable component and a gap material, in which the 10% K value of the gap material is 10000 N/mm.sup.2 or less, and the absolute value of the difference between the refractive index of a cured product obtained by curing the curable component at 23° C. for 1 hour and the refractive index of the gap material is 0.1 or less.

A liquid crystal panel includes an array substrate, a counter substrate disposed to face the array substrate, and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the array substrate and the counter substrate, in which the array substrate is provided with a plurality of pixel electrodes aligned at intervals in a plane of the array substrate, a common electrode disposed to overlap the plurality of pixel electrodes, an insulating film disposed on an upper layer side of the common electrode, and an alignment film disposed on an upper layer side of the insulating film, a light blocking portion and a spacer are provided in the counter substrate, the light blocking portion separating the plurality of pixel electrodes, the spacer being disposed to overlap the light blocking portion and protruding to the liquid crystal layer side from the counter substrate, the alignment film is connected to the common electrode directly or via another member through an opening provided in the insulating film, and the opening is disposed at a position that does not overlap the spacer and overlaps the light blocking portion in the insulating film.

Disclosed is a black powder comprising silica particles that contain carbon. Each of the silica particles is single-layered. The content of carbon contained in the surfaces of the silica particles measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 1% by mass or less.

A display panel and a display device are provided. The display panel includes a first substrate having a display region and a non-display region, a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate, at least a data line and at least a scan line disposed in the display region, a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of spacers and a seal disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a light shielding layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and including a light transmitting portion and a light shielding portion, and an alignment layer and a plurality of particles disposed on the light transmitting portion and the light shielding portion. A first surface roughness corresponding to the light transmitting portion of the non-display region is greater than a second surface roughness corresponding to the light shielding portion of the non-display region.

A display device includes a pixel portion in which a pixel electrode layer is arranged in a matrix, and an inverted staggered thin film transistor having a combination of at least two kinds of oxide semiconductor layers with different amounts of oxygen is provided corresponding to the pixel electrode layer. In the periphery of the pixel portion in this display device, a pad portion is provided to be electrically connected to a common electrode layer formed on a counter substrate through a conductive layer made of the same material as the pixel electrode layer. One objection of our invention to prevent a defect due to separation of a thin film in various kinds of display devices is realized, by providing a structure suitable for a pad portion provided in a display panel.