Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.

An electrochromic device according to an embodiment comprises a transparent conductive layer, an ion storage layer, an electrolyte layer, an electrochromic layer, and a reflective layer or a transparent conductive layer, wherein the ion storage layer includes an iridium atom and a tantalum atom, wherein the electrolyte layer includes a tantalum atom, wherein the electrochromic layer includes a tungsten atom, wherein at least one of the tungsten atom of the electrochromic layer and the iridium atom and the tantalum atom of the ion storage layer is hydrogenated, wherein the reflective layer is non-porous.

Provided is an optical modulator. The optical modulator includes an optical waveguide device and an electrochromic device on the optical waveguide device. The optical waveguide device includes a cladding layer and a core layer extending in a first direction on the cladding layer. The electrochromic device includes a lower electrode on the core layer, an upper electrode facing the lower electrode, an electrolyte layer between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, and an electrochromic layer between the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer.

Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.

A multilayered structure that includes a light receiving section including at least one layer including a noble metal composition and a metal oxide composition, the light transducing section transducing the energy of photons received to the energy of electrons. The structure further includes a piezo composite amplifier layer comprising a piezo polymer matrix, a first dispersed phase of piezo nanoparticles and a second dispersed phase of carbon nanotubes. The piezo composite amplifier amplifying a signal from the energy of the electrons received from the light receiving section using piezo-electric effects. The nanostructure further includes an environmental interface layer for delivering the amplified signal received from the piezo composite amplifier layer to a biological environment.

A dimming device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a light emitting stacked body that includes a first electrode, a dimming layer, and a second electrode that are stacked; the dimming layer has a stacked structure of a reduction coloring layer, an electrolyte layer, and an oxidation coloring layer; when the number of atoms of a metal contributing to reduction reaction in a compound contained in the reduction coloring layer is denoted by [Re] and the number of atoms of a metal contributing to oxidation reaction in a compound contained in the oxidation coloring layer is denoted by [Ox], the value of [Re]/[Ox] is within a prescribed range; alternatively, when the thickness of the reduction coloring layer is denoted by T.sub.Re and the thickness of the oxidation coloring layer is denoted by T.sub.Ox, the value of T.sub.Re/T.sub.Ox is within a prescribed range.

A cooking apparatus capable of satisfying a heat reflection function while securing a transmittance by applying a variable layer to a glass sheet forming a door includes a cooking chamber, and a door configured to open and close the cooking chamber and provided with a plurality of glass sheets, the door including a variable layer provided on at least one of the plurality of glass sheets and a visible light transmittance variable depending on a temperature.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a display apparatus having a configuration and a structure that enable virtual images to be observed by an observer to exhibit high contrast, and enable the observer who uses the display apparatus to safely act in a real environment while reliably recognizing an external environment. A display apparatus of the present invention includes: a frame to be mounted to a head of an observer; an image display apparatus attached to the frame; and a dimming apparatus 700. The image display apparatus includes an image forming apparatus, and an optical apparatus 120 having a virtual-image forming region 701 in which virtual images are formed. The optical apparatus 120 overlaps with at least a part of the dimming apparatus 700. When the dimming apparatus 700 operates, a light blocking rate of the dimming apparatus decreases, for example, from an upper region and an outer-side region of a virtual-image-forming-region facing region 701 toward a central portion of the virtual-image-forming-region facing region.

An electrochromic apparatus includes a first substrate, a first electrode layer, an electrochromic layer, an electrolyte layer, a second substrate, a second electrode layer, a first extraction electrode layer, a second extraction electrode layer, and a partition wall. The first extraction electrode layer contacts the first electrode layer and is isolated from the second electrode layer and the electrochromic layer. The second extraction electrode layer contacts the second electrode layer and is isolated from the first electrode layer and the electrolyte layer. The partition wall is electrically insulative and sandwiched between the first extraction electrode layer and the electrolyte layer and between the second extraction electrode layer and the electrolyte layer.

A stack of layers can be formed adjacent to a substrate before any layer within the stack is patterned. In an embodiment, combinations of substrates and stacks can be made and stored for an extended period, such as more than a week or a month, or shipped to a remote location before further manufacturing occurs. By delaying irreversible patterning until the closer to the date final product will be shipped to a customer, the likelihood of having too much inventory of a particular size or having to scrap windows for a custom order that was cancelled after manufacturing started can be substantially reduced. Further, particles between layers of the stack can be avoided. The process flows described are flexible, and many of the patterning operations in forming holes, openings, or the high resistance region can be performed in many different orders.