A dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle includes a polytetrafluoroethylene particle; and a dispersant that contains a fluorine atom and is attached to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle. The dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle has a particle size distribution index [D.sub.50-D.sub.10] of 50 nm or more.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-containing resin particle and a fluorine-based graft polymer having a fluorinated alkyl group. A ratio of an amount of a fluorine-based graft polymer separated from the fluorine-containing resin particle to a total amount of the fluorine-based graft polymer in the outermost surface layer is 15% or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that has an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer on the electroconductive support, and reduces image failures. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product of a composition of: a charge transporting compound having a specific polymerizable functional group; a polytetrafluoroethylene particle having a specific primary particle diameter; and a polymer having specific structural units and having weight average molecular weight.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and an antioxidant. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms. A decrease in weight of the antioxidant when heated at 150° C. for 10 minutes in an air atmosphere is 40 mass % or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms. The outermost surface layer has a dielectric constant of 3.75 or more and 3.90 or less. The contact angle of pure water on the outermost surface layer is 90° or more.

A dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle includes a polytetrafluoroethylene particle and a dispersant that attaches to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle and contains a fluorine atom. The particle size distribution index [D.sub.50-D.sub.10] is less than 50 nm and the electrical conductivity is 7 μS/cm or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer having a fluorinated alkyl group. In an infrared absorption spectrum of the fluorine-containing graft polymer, a ratio of a peak area in a wavenumber range of from 1,020 cm.sup.−1 to 1,308 cm.sup.−1 to a peak area in a wavenumber range of from 1,673 cm.sup.−1 to 1,779 cm.sup.−1 is 2.7 or more and 4.8 or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine graft polymer, and an acidic compound having an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 3 or less in water at 25° C. The amount of the acidic compound relative to the outermost surface layer is 100 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle. The fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less but has a fluorine atom, a second structural unit derived from a macromonomer, and a third structural unit having the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-containing resin particle and a fluorine-based graft polymer having a fluorinated alkyl group. A ratio of an amount of a fluorine-based graft polymer separated from the fluorine-containing resin particle to a total amount of the fluorine-based graft polymer in the outermost surface layer is 15% or less.