An electrophotographic photoconductor is provided. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer containing fluororesin particles, non-fluororesin particles, and a cured resin. The fluororesin particles have an average particle diameter of from 0.01 to 0.3 m in a cross-sectional image of the surface layer as observed by a scanning electron microscope with a magnification of 5,000 times, and when the cross-sectional image is segmented into uniform regions each being 1 m4 m, a standard deviation of areas each of which is occupied by the fluororesin particles and the non-fluororesin particles in each of the regions is 0.2 m.sup.2 or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support member and a photosensitive layer. The uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal. The proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.

A method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive substrate. The method includes the steps of preparing a coating liquid containing a charge generating material, and applying the coating liquid on to the conductive substrate, to thereby form the photosensitive layer. An absolute value of a zeta potential of the charge generating material is 5 mV or more, and a half-value width of a zeta potential distribution of the charge generating material is 100 mV or less.

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is a positive charging type electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support and a photosensitive layer on the conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin in the same layer, and a residual potential VL.sub.1 at a point at which an exposure amount for forming a latent image is 0.3 J/cm.sup.2 is equal to or lower than 130 V when an initial surface potential V0 is set to +700 V, exposure with monochromatic light of 780 nm is performed and measurement is performed by a dynamic method.

Provided is a process cartridge including: an electrophotographic photoreceptor; a charging unit configured to charge the electrophotographic photoreceptor through abutment against the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing unit configured to develop an electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a toner to form a toner image; and a cleaning unit configured to remove the toner on the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing a blade into abutment against the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the toner includes a toner base containing a coloring agent and a binder resin, and has a surface layer containing an organosilicon polymer having a specific sticking ratio to a toner base, and wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a supporting member and a surface layer, and the surface layer has a specific universal hardness value and a specific elastic deformation ratio (We).

The invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is excellent in abrasion resistance and electrical properties by using a fluororesin and a polymer containing a structure represented by a specific formula, and has a long life span, an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a dispersant which is excellent in dispersibility of a fluororesin particle, and the electrical properties, and the compatibility with a binder resin.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a copolymer of a hole-transportable compound having a polymerizable functional group and a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
Ar.sup.1L.sup.1-P.sup.1).sub.m(1)

A surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured product of a composition containing a hole transport compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group, and a compound having a specific structure.

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus in which residual potential is suppressed and a ghost image is prevented from being generated in a low-humidity environment in an undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including: an undercoat layer containing a strontium titanate particle having a maximum peak at a position of 2=32.200.20 ( represents a Bragg angle) in a CuK characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern and a half-value width of the maximum peak of 0.10 deg or more and 0.50 deg or less, and a titanium oxide particle; and a photosensitive layer containing a polyvinyl butyral resin, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each provided with the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer formed on the conductive substrate and containing a polyurethane resin, metal oxide particles, a silane coupling agent, and a compound represented by General Formula (ID); and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer ##STR00001##
(where R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group optionally having a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally having a substituent, an alkoxy group optionally having a substituent, an aryloxy group optionally having a substituent, a sulfo group optionally having a substituent, an amino group, an alkylamino group optionally having a substituent, or an arylamino group optionally having a substituent).