Electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, an organic photosensitive layer on an outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate, and an inorganic protective layer on an outer peripheral surface of the organic photosensitive layer, the inorganic protective layer containing gallium and oxygen. A volume resistivity of an inner region of the inorganic protective layer, the inner region extending 0.2 m or about 0.2 m from an inner peripheral surface of the inorganic protective layer in a thickness direction, and a volume resistivity of an outer region of the inorganic protective layer, the outer region extending 0.2 m or about 0.2 m from an outer peripheral surface of the inorganic protective layer in the thickness direction, are both 6.010.sup.7 .Math.cm or more and 4.010.sup.8 .Math.cm or less or about 6.010.sup.7 .Math.cm or more and about 4.010.sup.8 .Math.cm or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member, in which occurrences of image defects are suppressed, and a method for manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. In addition, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus, which include the electrophotographic photosensitive member, are provided. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured material, and the cured material is a copolymer of a hole transport compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a vinyl ester compound containing a long-chain alkyl group.

An electrophotographic photosensitive body includes at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer sequentially laminated on an electroconductive support, wherein the protective layer has a domain containing perfluoropolyether.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, wherein when time that takes for a current value to reach the maximum after beginning of application of a square wave voltage to the electrophotographic photoreceptor is T.sub.1 and time that takes for the current value to reach the maximum after the beginning of the application of the square wave voltage and then decrease to one fifth of the maximum is T.sub.2, T.sub.2 is approximately from 3.2 to 11.0 times as large as T.sub.1.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin is represented by general formula (1) shown below. In general formula (1), X represents a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4) shown below. ##STR00001##

A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 m to 50 m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 m to 400 m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

Provided is a photoreceptor for electrophotography, having high sensitivity and high-speed response performance, and which prevents accumulation of residual potential even when used repeatedly. Also, provided are a photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus, each employing the photoreceptor.

A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 m to 50 m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 m to 400 m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer sequentially layered on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a curable composition containing p-type semiconductor fine particles, an n-type organic semiconductor, and a polymerizable compound.

Provided is a photoreceptor for electrophotography, having high sensitivity and high-speed response performance, and which prevents accumulation of residual potential even when used repeatedly. Also, provided are a photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus, each employing the photoreceptor.