Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which is excellent in abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, has excellent electrical characteristics, and is capable of inhibiting an image defect, a manufacturing method of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a copolymer of a composition which contains resin particles containing fluorine atoms, a charge transport compound having 2 or more polymerizable functional groups, a compound represented by General Formula (1), and a resin having a structure represented by General Formula (2) and a structure represented by General Formula (3). The polymerizable functional groups t are independently selected from an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group, and a content of the compound represented by General Formula (1) in the composition is 0.10% by mass or more.

##STR00001##

A dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle includes a polytetrafluoroethylene particle; and a dispersant that contains a fluorine atom and is attached to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle. The dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle has a particle size distribution index [D.sub.50-D.sub.10] of 50 nm or more.

A dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle includes a polytetrafluoroethylene particle and a dispersant that attaches to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle and contains a fluorine atom. The particle size distribution index [D.sub.50-D.sub.10] is less than 50 nm and the electrical conductivity is 7 S/cm or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoating layer that is disposed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer that is disposed on the undercoating layer, in which the undercoating layer contains at least one perinone compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by Formula (1) and a compound represented by Formula (2) which are shown below, and polyurethane, contains at least one perinone compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by Formulas (1) and (2), and at least one acceptor compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by Formula (3) to (15) which are shown in the specification, or contains a resin obtained by polymerizing a diallyl phthalate compound and a charge transporting material.

##STR00001##

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member and a static elimination device. The static elimination device irradiates static elimination light onto a circumferential surface of the image bearing member. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The static elimination light has a wavelength of at least 600 nm and no greater than 800 nm. The photosensitive layer has an optical absorption coefficient of at least 600 cm.sup.1 and no greater than 1,500 cm.sup.1 with respect to light having a wavelength of 660 nm.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charger, and a cleaning member. The charger charges a circumferential surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity. The cleaning member is pressed against the circumferential surface of the image bearing member and collects a toner remaining on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member. A linear pressure N of the cleaning member on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member is at least 14 N/m and no greater than 40 N/m. A rebound resilience R of the cleaning member at a temperature of 25 C. is at least 38%. The leaner pressure N and the rebound resilience R satisfy mathematical formula (1A). The image bearing member satisfies mathematical formula (1B)

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}R<13.771N^{0.4043}& \left(1.Math.A\right)\\ 0.60\frac{V}{\left(Q/S\right)\left(d/{\mathrm{.Math.}}_r.Math.{\mathrm{.Math.}}_0\right)}& \left(1.Math.B\right)\end{array}$

An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2,

|Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)Ip (the surface of the toner)|5.53 (eV) Relation 1

5.45 (eV)Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)5.53 (eV) Relation 2

where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

The present invention aims to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor excellent in abrasion resistance and electrical properties, which uses polymers excellent in surface-active functions such as fluororesin dispersibility and electrical properties, and relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor which contains a polymer containing a repeating unit represented by the following Formula (A1), provided that the definitions of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, R.sup.11 to R.sup.16 in Formula (A1), and R.sup.21 in Formula (A2) are shown in the specification

##STR00001##

Provided is a process cartridge including: an electrophotographic photoreceptor; a charging unit configured to charge the electrophotographic photoreceptor through abutment against the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing unit configured to develop an electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a toner to form a toner image; and a cleaning unit configured to remove the toner on the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing a blade into abutment against the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the toner includes a toner base containing a coloring agent and a binder resin, and has a surface layer containing an organosilicon polymer having a specific sticking ratio to a toner base, and wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a supporting member and a surface layer, and the surface layer has a specific universal hardness value and a specific elastic deformation ratio (We).

The invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is excellent in abrasion resistance and electrical properties by using a fluororesin and a polymer containing a structure represented by a specific formula, and has a long life span, an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a dispersant which is excellent in dispersibility of a fluororesin particle, and the electrical properties, and the compatibility with a binder resin.