An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which durability is improved by suppressing detachment of particles from a surface layer while transferability is improved. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer containing a binder resin and a particle, wherein a value of a ratio of a total volume of the particle occupying the surface layer to a volume of the binder resin occupying the surface layer is 0.50 or more and 3.0 or less, and wherein a maximum value Rmkmax [nm] of an averaged sectional difference of elevation Rmk and a calculated length Lmax [nm] when the maximum value Rmkmax is taken, which are obtained by measuring a surface of the surface layer with a scanning probe microscope, satisfy the following formulae (i) and (ii), 30Rmkmax70 . . . (i) and 100Lmax500 . . . (ii).

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer containing a binder resin and an inorganic particle. A value of a ratio of a volume of the inorganic particle to a volume of the binder resin in the surface layer is 1.0 or more and 4.0 or less. The binder resin is a polymerization product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer having a polymerizable functional group. The composition contains a (meth)acrylic monomer having 6 or more polymerizable functional groups. The (meth)acrylic monomer has a molecular weight of 540 or more and 1,300 or less. A content of the (meth)acrylic monomer in the composition is 40 mol % or more with respect to a total molar number of the polymerizable monomer in the composition. A surface of the surface layer has an arithmetic average roughness Rz of 150 nm or more and 400 nm or less.

An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a conductive substrate, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order, a charging device that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing a toner to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that has a cleaning blade for cleaning the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a contact line pressure of 2.4 gf/mm or more and 4.5 gf/mm or less, in which the charge transport layer contains a binder resin containing at least a polyarylate resin having a dicarboxylic acid unit represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit represented by Formula (B) and a polycarbonate resin, and a charge transport material.

##STR00001##

In Formula (A), n.sup.1 is 1, 2, or 3, n.sup.1 pieces of m.sup.1's are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, m.sup.1 pieces of Ra.sup.1's are each independently an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.

In Formula (B), Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, Rb.sup.3, Rb.sup.4, Rb.sup.5, Rb.sup.6, Rb.sup.7, Rb.sup.8, Rb.sup.9, and Rb.sup.10 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.

An electrophotographic apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an exposing unit that irradiates the charged surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a developing unit, which includes toner, and which develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with the toner to form a toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a monolayer type photosensitive layer containing a charge generating substance, a hole transporting substance, an electron transporting substance, and a binder resin. The photosensitive layer contains, as the binder resin, a polyarylate resin having a structural unit represented by the following formula (1) and a structural unit represented by the following formula (2). ##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having specific structural units.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor that has a surface layer in which a transmittance of light having a wavelength of 1,000 nm is 5% or more and 95% or less, a charging device that charges a surface of the photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the photoreceptor, a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor with a developer containing a toner to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a photoreceptor cleaning device that has a cleaning blade coming into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor to clean the surface of the photoreceptor, in which a contact portion of the cleaning blade coming into contact with the photoreceptor contains a polyurethane rubber that is obtained by polymerizing at least a polyol component and a polyisocyanate component, a ratio M100/Re of a 100% modulus M100 (MPa) to an impact resilience coefficient Re (%) is 0.25 or more, the impact resilience coefficient Re is less than 25%, and a tensile stress with a 200% strain at a temperature of 23 C. is 15 MPa or more.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, in which an outermost surface layer contains a charge transport material, a polyarylate resin having a dicarboxylic acid unit represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit represented by Formula (B), a polycarbonate resin, and a phenolic compound having 3 or fewer phenolic functional groups and a molecular weight of 300 or more, and a value of a dielectric loss tangent tan of the outermost surface layer at a frequency of 1 Hz is 0.50 or less,

##STR00001## in Formula (A), Ar.sup.A1 and Ar.sup.A2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.A is a single bond or a divalent linking group, and n.sup.A1 is 0, 1, or 2, in Formula (B), Ar.sup.B1 and Ar.sup.B2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.B is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or C(Rb.sup.1)(Rb.sup.2), and n.sup.B1 is 0, 1, or 2, where Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.