An electrophotographic apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging device, and a developing device, wherein the charging device comprises a conductive member arranged to be capable of contacting the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a conductive layer on the conductive member outer surface comprises a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, at least some of the domains are exposed at the conductive member outer surface, the matrix has a volume resistivity of larger than 1.0010.sup.12 .Math.cm and is 1.010.sup.5 times or more one of the domains, the developing device comprises the toner comprising a toner particle, fine particles A and B, the fine particle A has a volume resistivity of 1.010.sup.3 to 1.010.sup.10 .Math.cm, and the fine particle B is silica fine particle and having a volume resistivity of 1.010.sup.11 to 1.010.sup.17 .Math.cm.

An electro-conductive layer of an electrophotographic electro-conductive member has a matrix-domain structure. The matrix contains a first rubber. The domain contains a second rubber and electro-conductive particles. Where represents an average of ratios of the cross-sectional area of the electro-conductive particles contained in each of the domains to the cross-sectional area of each of the domains appearing on a cross-section of the electro-conductive layer in a thickness direction, and represents a standard deviation of the ratios, / is 0 or more and 0.4 or less, and is 20% or more and 40% or less. At least eight of samples with a first cubic shape 9 m on a side, which are sampled at arbitrary nine positions on the electro-conductive layer, satisfy the specified condition.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging device, and a developing device, wherein the charging device comprises a conductive member arranged to be capable of contacting the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a conductive layer on the conductive member outer surface comprises a matrix and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, at least some of the domains are exposed at the conductive member outer surface, the matrix has a volume resistivity of larger than 1.0010.sup.12 .Math.cm and is 1.010.sup.5 times or more one of the domains, the developing device comprises the toner comprising a toner particle, fine particles A and B, the fine particle A has a volume resistivity of 1.010.sup.3 to 1.010.sup.10 .Math.cm, and the fine particle B is silica fine particle and having a volume resistivity of 1.010.sup.11 to 1.010.sup.17 .Math.cm.

An electrophotographic developing member includes an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive layer provided on the support, wherein the electro-conductive layer has a matrix containing a first rubber and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, and the domain contains a second rubber and an electronic conductive agent and when a frequency is log-log-plotted on a horizontal axis and an impedance is log-log-plotted on a vertical axis with respect to an impedance measured by applying an alternating current voltage having an amplitude of 1 V on the electro-conductive layer while changing a frequency between 1.010.sup.2 Hz to 1.010.sup.7 Hz under a specific environment, an inclination of an impedance on a high frequency side is 0.8 or more and 0.3 or less and an impedance on a low frequency side is 1.010.sup.4 to 1.010.sup.11.

An image forming method forms an image by performing charging, exposing, developing, and transferring in a rotation direction of a rotationally driven photoreceptor, wherein the charging is performed by a roller charging method, exposing a surface of the photoreceptor to light and eliminating charges on the surface of the photoreceptor are included between the developing and the transferring, the photoreceptor includes at least a charge transporting layer and a protective layer laminated on the charge transporting layer on a conductive support, and energy of light for irradiation in the exposing the surface of the photoreceptor to light is in a range of 0.0001 to 500 W/mm.sup.2 on the surface of the photoreceptor.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support member and a photosensitive layer. The uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal. The proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.

An image forming method forms an image by performing charging, exposing, developing, and transferring in a rotation direction of a rotationally driven photoreceptor, wherein the charging is performed by a roller charging method, exposing a surface of the photoreceptor to light and eliminating charges on the surface of the photoreceptor are included between the developing and the transferring, the photoreceptor includes at least a charge transporting layer and a protective layer laminated on the charge transporting layer on a conductive support, and energy of light for irradiation in the exposing the surface of the photoreceptor to light is in a range of 0.0001 to 500 W/mm.sup.2 on the surface of the photoreceptor.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support member and a photosensitive layer. The uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal. The proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.

Provided is an electrophotographic member comprising: a substrate having a conductive surface, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, in which an impedance of the electrophotographic member is in a range of 1.010.sup.3 to 1.010.sup.8, the elastic layer comprises a first phase comprising at least a first rubber, and a second phase comprising a second rubber and conductive particles, a thickness of the elastic layer is 10 m or more, the elastic layer has a matrix-domain structure in which domains composed of the second phase are dispersed in a matrix composed of the first phase in a region of 5 m or more in a depth direction from an interface between the elastic layer and the surface layer, and the amount of the second phase in the elastic layer is greater near the surface and less in the internal region.

Provided is an electrophotographic member comprising: a substrate having a conductive surface, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, in which an impedance of the electrophotographic member is in a range of 1.010.sup.3 to 1.010.sup.8, the elastic layer comprises a first phase comprising at least a first rubber, and a second phase comprising a second rubber and conductive particles, a thickness of the elastic layer is 10 m or more, the elastic layer has a matrix-domain structure in which domains composed of the second phase are dispersed in a matrix composed of the first phase in a region of 5 m or more in a depth direction from an interface between the elastic layer and the surface layer, and the amount of the second phase in the elastic layer is greater near the surface and less in the internal region.