Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can achieve both of abrasion resistance and the suppression of a ghost. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; an undercoat layer; a charge-generating layer; and a charge-transporting layer, the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer, and the charge-transporting layer being arranged in the stated order on the support, wherein the charge-transporting layer includes a charge-transporting substance, and a polymer containing a structure represented by the following general formula (1) and a structure represented by the following general formula (2), wherein the charge-generating layer includes a phthalocyanine crystal and a binder resin, and wherein the undercoat layer includes strontium titanate particles and a binder resin. ##STR00001##

In an image forming apparatus, a cleaning member is pressed against a circumferential surface of an image bearing member and collects a toner remaining on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member. The toner has a number average roundness of 0.965 to 0.998. The toner has a D.sub.50 of 4.0 m to 7.0 m. A linear pressure of the cleaning member on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member is 10 N/m to 40 N/m. The image bearing member includes a single-layer photosensitive layer containing a charge generating material and a hole transport material. Ionization potential Ip.sub.HTM of the hole transport material and ionization potential Ip.sub.CGM of the charge generating material satisfy mathematical formula (1) Ip.sub.HTM5.30 eV, mathematical formula (2) Ip.sub.CGM5.30 eV, and mathematical formula (3) 0.09 eV|Ip.sub.HTMIp.sub.CGM|0.30 eV.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member (1) includes a conductive substrate (2) and a photosensitive layer (3) disposed directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate (2). The photosensitive layer (3) has a charge generating layer (3a) and a charge transport layer (3b) disposed in order from the conductive substrate (2). The charge generating layer (3a) contains a charge generating material. The charge transport layer (3b) contains a charge transport material, a binder resin, and a pigment that absorbs light having an irradiation wavelength. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin including a repeating unit represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001## In general formula (1), X and Y each represent, independently of one another, a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4): ##STR00002## The pigment is a naphthalocyanine compound represented by general formula (2) or (3): ##STR00003##

An image forming method includes forming an image with a toner using a photoconductor in which an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer are formed overlying an electroconductive substrate, wherein the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and the ionization potential of the surface of the toner satisfy the following relations 1 and 2,
|Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)Ip (the surface of the toner)|5.53 (eV) Relation 1
5.45 (eV)Ip (the surface of the photoconductor)5.53 (eV) Relation 2
where Ip (the surface of the photoconductor) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the photoconductor and Ip (the surface of the toner) represents the ionization potential of the surface of the toner.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer and a surface layer on or above a support in this order, in which the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a specific binder resin, the surface layer contains a charge transporting substance, fluororesin particles, and a specific binder resin, an arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the undercoat layer is 0.15 m or less, a refractive index (a) of the metal oxide particles and a refractive index (b) of the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer satisfy a specific relationship, and a refractive index (c) of the binder resin contained in the surface layer and a refractive index (d) of the fluororesin particles satisfy a specific relationship.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, a hole transport material, and an electron transport material. The binder resin includes a polyester resin and a polycarbonate resin. The polyester resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) shown below and a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) shown below. The polycarbonate resin includes a third repeating unit represented by general formula (3) shown below and a fourth repeating unit represented by general formula (24) shown below.

##STR00001##

A content percentage of the polyester resin in the photosensitive layer is at least 0.3% by mass and no greater than 7.0% by mass.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, a hole transport material, and an electron transport material. The binder resin includes a polyester resin. The polyester resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) shown below and a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) shown below.

##STR00001##

A content percentage of the polyester resin in the photosensitive layer is at least 0.3% by mass and no greater than 7.0% by mass.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer and contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. A hole mobility .sub.h is at least 1.0010.sup.7 cm.sup.2/V/second and an electron mobility .sub.e is at least 4.0010.sup.8 cm.sup.2/V/second in the photosensitive layer as measured under conditions of a temperature of 23 C. and an electric field intensity of 1.5010.sup.5 V/cm. A ratio (.sub.h/.sub.e) of the hole mobility .sub.h to the electron mobility .sub.e is at least 1.0 and no greater than 50.0.

A bis-butadiene derivative is represented by general formula (1) shown below. ##STR00001##
In general formula (1), Ra, Rb, and Rc each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 8 or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 8. l and m each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5. n represents an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 4. Chemical groups Ra may be the same as or different from each other. Chemical groups Rb may be the same as or different from each other. Chemical groups Rc may be the same as or different from each other.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is formed on the electroconductive substrate and that contains an inorganic oxide and a lubricant resin. When light having a wavelength of 780 nm is irradiated onto a slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide in a predetermined solvent to provide an inorganic oxide slurry, the inorganic oxide slurry has a luminous transmittance that is 40% or more. The photosensitive layer may be a negatively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer, a monolayer type photosensitive layer, or a positively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is less worn upon long-term use, allows no filming, and can realize stable images. A method for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor are disclosed.