An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a protective layer wherein the density unevenness among output images is reduced with abrasion resistance maintained is provided. The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a cyclic structure represented by the formula (1) or (2):

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and an A value expressed by expression (4), A=S1/S2, wherein, in expression (4), S1 is a peak area based on in-plane deformation vibration of terminal olefin (CH.sub.2), and S2 is a peak area based on stretching vibration of CO among peak areas of a spectrum obtained by measuring a surface of the protective layer by total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using Ge as an internal reflection element and using a measurement condition of 45 as an incidence angle is from 0.065 to 0.100.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.

Provided is an electrophotographic member in which the increase in tackiness is small even in an environment of high temperature and high humidity. The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and a surface layer, the surface layer contains resin including at least one of a urethane bond and an amide bond, the resin includes a cationic structure and an anionic structure in a molecule, and also includes a particular main-chain structure with hydrophobicity.

The present invention provides an electrophotographic electro-conductive member containing an ion-exchange group structure in an electro-conductive layer, whereby the bleeding of an ionic conductive agent to the surface of the electro-conductive layer is suppressed and reduction in electro-conductivity caused by electrification is low. For this purpose, the electrophotographic member of the present invention is an electrophotographic member having an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer contains a resin having any one or more of partial structures represented by the specific formulas (1) to (7) in the molecule, and an anion.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor for use in an image forming apparatus having a proximity charge-type charging unit includes a conductive support and at least photosensitive layer and surface layer laminated in order on the conductive support, wherein the surface layer includes (A) a charge transport material, (B) a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable compound and inorganic fine particles, and (C) organic fine particles, and the inorganic fine particles contain a metal oxide, has a surface treated with a surface treatment agent having a reactive organic group, and has a volume resistivity of 1.21011.Math.cm or more.

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device and method to make the same is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups. This overcoat layer improves wear resistance of the photoconductor drum without negatively altering the electrophotographic properties.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups.

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device and method to make the same is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups. This overcoat layer improves wear resistance of the photoconductor drum without negatively altering the electrophotographic properties.