Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which is excellent in abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, has excellent electrical characteristics, and is capable of inhibiting an image defect, a manufacturing method of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a copolymer of a composition which contains resin particles containing fluorine atoms, a charge transport compound having 2 or more polymerizable functional groups, a compound represented by General Formula (1), and a resin having a structure represented by General Formula (2) and a structure represented by General Formula (3). The polymerizable functional groups t are independently selected from an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group, and a content of the compound represented by General Formula (1) in the composition is 0.10% by mass or more.

##STR00001##

The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which undergoes little abrasion over long term use and is able to develop a stable image, as well as a method of producing the same and an electrophotographic device including the same. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that contains an inorganic oxide and that is formed on the conductive substrate from a coating liquid. A test slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide dispersed in a solvent for forming the coating liquid has a light transmittance of 40% or more in a test case where light having a wavelength of 780 nm irradiates the test slurry.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material, at least one of a polyester resin (PEz) or a polycarbonate resin (PCz) that has at least one of a structure (Z1) represented by Formula (Z1) or a structure (Z2) represented by Formula (Z2) at at least one terminal, and a resin (X) that has at least one of a unit (X1) represented by Formula (X1) or a unit (X2) represented by Formula (X2), a mass proportion of the resin (X) in a total amount of the polyester resin (PEz), the polycarbonate resin (PCz), and the resin (X) in the charge transport layer is 0.5% by mass or greater and 30% by mass or less, and the charge transport layer has an average thickness of greater than 30 ?m and less than 50 ?m,

##STR00001## in Formula (Z1), Ar.sup.1 represents an aromatic ring that may have a substituent, in Formula (Z2), Ar.sup.2 represents an aromatic ring that may have a substituent,

##STR00002## in Formula (X1), R.sup.101, R.sup.102, and R.sup.103 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, L.sup.101 represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, O, C(?O), C(?O)O, an aromatic ring that may have a substituent, or a combination thereof, L.sup.102 represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, O, C(?O), C(?O)O, or a combination thereof, R.sup.104 and R.sup.105 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, n represents an integer of 0 or greater and 300 or less, R.sup.106, R.sup.107, and R.sup.108 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms or O[Si(R.sup.109)(R.sup.110)O].sub.mSi(R.sup.111)(R.sup.112)(R.sup.113), R.sup.109, R.sup.110, R.sup.111, R.sup.12, and R.sup.113 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, and m represents an integer of 0 or greater and 20 or less, in Formula (X2), R.sup.201, R.sup.202, and R.sup.203 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, L.sup.201 represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, O, C(?O), C(?O)O, an aromatic ring that may have a substituent, or a combination thereof, L.sup.202 represents a single bond, an alkylene group having 1 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms, O, C(?O), C(?O)O, or a combination ther

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses image smearing at the time of its repeated use, and expresses satisfactory wear resistance and electric characteristics. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in the stated order, wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a copolymer of a hole-transportable compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a specific compound having maleimide groups.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed potential variation even in the case that a protective layer including a cured material of a composition having a polymerizable functional group is used is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, and a protective layer, in the order presented, wherein the charge transport layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a structure selected from a group A and a structure selected from a group B, and the protective layer includes a cured material of a composition containing a compound having at least a functional group selected from chain-polymerizable functional groups and sequential polymerizable functional groups.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer. The surface layer comprises a polycarbonate resin (?) and a polycarbonate resin (?). The polycarbonate resin (?) has a structural unit represented by a following formula (A) described herein and a structural unit represented by a following formula (B) described herein. The polycarbonate resin (?) has a structure having a dimethylsiloxane moiety.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains polyalkylsiloxane, and an amount of a cyclic siloxane having a molecular weight of 450 or less in the charge transport layer is less than 0.1 ppm.

To provide an electrophotographic member high in volume resistivity uniformity even in application of a high voltage such as 1,000 V. The electrophotographic member includes a base material and an elastic layer on the base material, the elastic layer containing a silicone rubber and an ionic liquid, and the ionic liquid including a cation modified by a dimethylsiloxane chain, and an anion.

The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which undergoes little abrasion over long term use and is able to develop a stable image, as well as a method of producing the same and an electrophotographic device including the same. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that contains an inorganic oxide and that is formed on the conductive substrate from a coating liquid. A test slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide dispersed in a solvent for forming the coating liquid has a light transmittance of 40% or more in a test case where light having a wavelength of 780 nm irradiates the test slurry.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed potential variation even in the case that a protective layer including a cured material of a composition having a polymerizable functional group is used is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, and a protective layer, in the order presented, wherein the charge transport layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a structure selected from a group A and a structure selected from a group B, and the protective layer includes a cured material of a composition containing a compound having at least a functional group selected from chain-polymerizable functional groups and sequential polymerizable functional groups.