An electrophotographic member comprising a base layer and a surface layer, the surface layer including at least one of an acrylic resin and a methacrylic resin, perfluoropolyether having a specified structure and a fluorine-containing copolymer, the fluorine-containing copolymer having a first polymerized unit of at least one of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, and a second polymerized unit of at least one of methyl acrylate having a fluoroalkyl group and methyl methacrylate having a fluoroalkyl group, a molar ratio between the first polymerized unit and the second polymerized unit being 7 to 12, the fluorine-containing copolymer having Mw of 80000 or more and 150000 or less, and the ratio between Mn and Mw (Mw/Mn) being 3.0 or more and 6.5 or less.

Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which is excellent in abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, has excellent electrical characteristics, and is capable of inhibiting an image defect, a manufacturing method of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a copolymer of a composition which contains resin particles containing fluorine atoms, a charge transport compound having 2 or more polymerizable functional groups, a compound represented by General Formula (1), and a resin having a structure represented by General Formula (2) and a structure represented by General Formula (3). The polymerizable functional groups t are independently selected from an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group, and a content of the compound represented by General Formula (1) in the composition is 0.10% by mass or more. ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms. The outermost surface layer has a dielectric constant of 3.75 or more and 3.90 or less. The contact angle of pure water on the outermost surface layer is 90° or more.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has an outermost surface layer that contains fluorine-containing resin particles and an antioxidant. The fluorine-containing resin particles contain 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms. A decrease in weight of the antioxidant when heated at 150° C. for 10 minutes in an air atmosphere is 40 mass % or less.

A fluorine-containing resin particle contains 0 or more and 30 or less carboxyl groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms and 0 ppm or more and 3 ppm or less of a basic compound.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive base body and a photosensitive layer, in which an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing non particles, and in which a fluorine atom concentration at a surface of the outermost surface layer is 1.5 to 5.0 times a fluorine atom concentration at a depth of 1 μm from the surface of the outermost surface layer, or in which a number density ratio of aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles is a second region defined in this specification, to aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in a first region defined in this specification is less than 0.95, and a ratio of an area ratio of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the second region, to an area ratio of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the first region is within a range of 1±0.1.

A dispersant attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle on whose surface a dispersant having a fluorine atom is attached has a content of perfluorooctanoic acid of from 0 ppb to 25 ppb with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle, and a composition contains a polytetrafluoroethylene particle and a dispersant having a fluorine atom in which a content of perfluorooctanoic acid is from 0 ppb to 25 ppb with respect to the polytetrafluoroethylene particle.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer. The protection layer contains a copolymer of a compound having a specific frame and a hole-transporting compound containing a specific polarizable functional group.

A dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle includes a polytetrafluoroethylene particle; and a dispersant that contains a fluorine atom and is attached to a surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene particle. The dispersant-attached polytetrafluoroethylene particle has a particle size distribution index [D.sub.50-D.sub.10] of 50 nm or more.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-containing resin particle and a fluorine-based graft polymer having a fluorinated alkyl group. A ratio of an amount of a fluorine-based graft polymer separated from the fluorine-containing resin particle to a total amount of the fluorine-based graft polymer in the outermost surface layer is 15% or less.