An overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum includes a curable composition having about 20 to about 80 percent by weight of a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups as exemplified below:

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group. The curable composition may also include a non-radical polymerizable additive, such as a surfactant, and/or a curing agent.

An organic photoconductor drum includes a support element, a charge generation layer over the support element, a charge transport layer over the charge generation layer, and an overcoat layer. The overcoat layer includes a curable composition having both a non-radical polymerizable additive and a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups exemplified as:

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group wherein the spacer group of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6, is an ethyl group and the radical polymerizable functional group of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is an acrylate group. The non-radical polymerizable additive may be a surfactant. The curable composition may also include a curing agent.

A charge transport molecule contains four radical polymerizable functional groups of the general structure exemplified below:

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group wherein the spacer group of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is an ethyl group and the radical polymerizable functional group of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is an acrylate group.

Provided is an image-forming apparatus including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; a charging unit; an exposing unit; a developing unit; a transferring unit; and a cleaning unit configured to clean off the toner, which remains on the electrophotographic photosensitive member after the transfer of the toner image from the electrophotographic photosensitive member by the transferring unit, with a cleaning blade, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, on a surface thereof, a fatty acid metal salt-supplying unit configured to supply a fatty acid metal salt having 16 or more and 18 or less carbon atoms, and wherein the protective layer has a triphenylamine structure, one of an acryloyloxy group and a methacryloyloxy group, and a specific structure.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.

An image forming apparatus includes: a transferer that transfers a toner image formed on a surface of a photo-conductor onto an image carrier; and an irradiator that irradiates the surface of the photo-conductor before transfer with light such that a potential of an image area where the toner image has been formed and a potential of a non-image area where the toner image has not been formed in the photo-conductor before transfer satisfy formula (1):

0|Va||Vb|200 [V](1) where |Va| represents the potential of the image area after the surface of the photo-conductor before transfer is irradiated with light, and |Vb| represents the potential of the non-image area after the surface of the photo-conductor before transfer is irradiated with light.

An object of the present invention is achieved by an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing a conductive support sequentially laminated thereon with at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in that order, wherein the protective layer includes a cured composition having a radical polymerizable compound for a binder, a charge transport agent having a radical polymerizable functional group, and a photopolymerization initiator; the charge transport agent having a radical polymerizable functional group has a maximum absorption wavelength in the range of 40550 nm; and the charge transport agent having a radical polymerizable functional group and the photopolymerization initiator satisfy Formula (A),
G=Eox(D/D.sup.+)Ered(A.sup./A)E*0.2 (eV).Formula (A):

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups.