Process for the preparation of a galacto-oligosaccharide preparation, which process comprises the step of contacting a lactulose-containing feed with a beta-galactosidase derived from Papiliotrema terrestris. The resulting galacto-oligosaccharide is acceptable to subjects suffering from GOS-related allergy and subjects having lactose intolerance.

Process for the preparation of a galacto-oligosaccharide preparation, which process comprises the step of contacting a lactulose-containing feed with a beta-galactosidase derived from Papiliotrema terrestris. The resulting galacto-oligosaccharide is acceptable to subjects suffering from GOS-related allergy and subjects having lactose intolerance.

The present disclosure concerns the use of a mating pair stabilization module comprising a type IV adhesion pilus with a conjugative bacterial host cell or as a part of a conjugative delivery system for mediating effective in vivo conjugation.

Provided are compositions and methods for treatment of neurological and behavioral disorders. Compositions comprise two or more of phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and indoxyl sulfate, and optionally bacteria which can increase the concentrations of phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and/or indoxyl sulfate. Methods comprise administering to an individual who is afflicted with a neurological or behavioral disorder a composition comprising two or more of phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and indoxyl sulfate, and optionally, bacteria that can produce phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and indoxyl sulfate.

Provided are compositions and methods for treatment of neurological and behavioral disorders. Compositions comprise two or more of phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and indoxyl sulfate, and optionally bacteria which can increase the concentrations of phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and/or indoxyl sulfate. Methods comprise administering to an individual who is afflicted with a neurological or behavioral disorder a composition comprising two or more of phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and indoxyl sulfate, and optionally, bacteria that can produce phenyl sulfate, pyrocatechol sulfate, 3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and indoxyl sulfate.

The present invention provides a prophylactic or therapeutic composition for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

There is provided a prophylactic or therapeutic composition for GVHD, which comprises bacteria belonging to any genus selected from the group consisting of the following genera: Blautia, Clostridium, unclassified Clostridiales, Actinomyces, Parabacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Firmicutes, Dorea, Phascolarctobacterium, Sutterella, Megamonas, Collinsella, Eubacterium, and Coprococcus, etc., or any combination of bacteria belonging to these genera.

Treating, and compositions for treating, a condition and/or a symptom associated with an effect of at least one element of the opioid system in an animal by administering to the animal (i) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one microorganism and/or of a prebiotic thereof, where the microorganism is capable of modulating an effect of at least one element of the opioid system of the animal and (ii) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound capable of modulating an effect of an element of the opioid system of the animal.

Treating, and compositions for treating, a condition and/or a symptom associated with an effect of at least one element of the opioid system in an animal by administering to the animal (i) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one microorganism and/or of a prebiotic thereof, where the microorganism is capable of modulating an effect of at least one element of the opioid system of the animal and (ii) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound capable of modulating an effect of an element of the opioid system of the animal.

The present invention concerns a process for isolating an archaeon of the order of commensal clade Methanomassiliicoccales, the use of a culture and/or isolation medium comprising a sterile extract of a bacterial culture of a bacterium of genus Eggerthella, for the isolation and/or culture of an archaeon of the order of commensal clade Methanomassiliicoccales, and a pure, isolated archaeon Methanomethylophilus alvus Mx-05. It also concerns a culture method of an archaeon of the order of commensal clade Methanomassiliicoccales.

The present invention provides a method, wherein the method forms a biofilm, wherein the biofilm comprises a population of at least one bacterial strain attached to particles, wherein the biofilm is configured to colonize a gut of a subject in need thereof for at least five days, when ingested by the subject, the method comprising: a. obtaining a population comprising at least one strain of bacteria; b. inoculating a growth medium containing particles with the population comprising at least one strain of bacteria; c. incubating the particles with the population comprising at least one bacterial strain for a time sufficient for the population of at least one strain of bacteria to attach to the particles; and d. culturing the population comprising at least one strain of bacteria attached to the particles in a growth medium, for a time sufficient to form a biofilm.