An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support having a thickness of 3 mm or more, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and a surface protection layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, in which the surface protection layer is a layer composed of a film formed by curing a composition including a reactive group-containing charge transporting material including a reactive group and a charge transporting skeleton in the same molecule, or a film formed by curing a composition including an unreactive charge transporting material and a reactive group-containing non-charge transporting material that does not include a charge transporting skeleton and includes a reactive group, and the ratio of the degree of cure of the conductive support-side surface of the surface protection layer which faces the conductive support to the degree of cure of the outer periphery-side surface of the surface protection layer which serves as the outer periphery is 75% or more.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member and a charging roller that charges a circumferential surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer, and satisfies formula (1) shown below. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. $\begin{array}{cc}0.60\leqq \frac{V}{\left(Q/S\right)\times \left(d/{\mathrm{.Math.}}_r.Math.{\mathrm{.Math.}}_0\right)}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$
In formula (1), Q represents a charge amount [C] of the circumferential surface of the image bearing member, S represents a charge area [m.sup.2] of the charged circumferential surface of the image bearing member, d represents a film thickness [m] of the photosensitive layer, co represents vacuum permittivity [F/m], and V represents a value calculated in accordance with formula V=V.sub.0−V.sub.r.

A photosensitive body for an image forming apparatus may include a photosensitive layer and a protective layer formed on the photosensitive layer. The protective layer may include a urethane oligomer-based compound including urethane oligomer acrylates, and a polysiloxane including a silicon atom (Si) covalently bonded to a first side chain including an oxygen atom (O) covalently bonded to the urethane oligomer-based compound. The polysiloxane may have a chemical structure represented by the following Formulae 1:

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where R1 through R7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, or alkyl which has 1 to 25 carbons, or the alkoxy group which has 1-10 carbons, where n represents an integer greater than or equal to 1, and where each respective H independently represents a hydrogen atom or the oxygen atom (O) covalently bonded to the urethane oligomer-based compound.

A process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a toner, and a developing member that feeds the toner to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer containing a (meth)acrylic resin having a urethane structure, the toner includes a toner particle and a hydrotalcite particle as an external additive, and the hydrotalcite particle contains fluorine in filter fitting analysis in STEM-EDS analysis.

An electrophotographic member includes an electro-conductive substrate, and an elastic layer as a surface layer, the elastic layer constituted by a single-layer, wherein the elastic layer includes a first resin, a second resin and an anion, the first resin is a crosslinked urethane resin, and the crosslinked urethane resin is a resin having a specific cationic structure in the molecule, the second resin is at least one of a crosslinked acrylic resin having an ether bond and a crosslinked epoxy resin having an ether bond, and in a first area of the elastic layer, the first are being from an outer surface of the elastic layer to a depth of 0.1 μm, the first resin and the second resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure.

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a plurality of layers containing at least one outermost layer, wherein at least one of the outermost layer contains a polymer having a first structure where at least one carbonyl group is bonded to an aromatic group and a second structure represented by Formula (A). In Formula (A), at least two of R.sup.11 to R.sup.13 are groups represented by Formula (2), and in Formula (2), R.sup.21 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R.sup.22 and R.sup.23 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or an alkoxy group:

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Provided is an electrophotographic member in which the increase in tackiness is small even in an environment of high temperature and high humidity. The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and a surface layer, the surface layer contains resin including at least one of a urethane bond and an amide bond, the resin includes a cationic structure and an anionic structure in a molecule, and also includes a particular main-chain structure with hydrophobicity.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; a charge-generating layer; and a charge-transporting layer, the charge-generating layer and the charge-transporting layer being arranged on the support, wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains: inorganic particles having an average particle diameter (Lα) of primary particles of 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less; and resin particles having an average particle diameter (Lβ) of primary particles of 0.1 μm or more and 5.0 μm or less, and wherein in any cross-section of the surface layer, “(Smα)/(Sα)≥0.3” is satisfied, where a region within (Lβ/2) from a surface of each of the resin particles is defined as a region (M), a sum of cross-sectional areas of the inorganic particles in the any cross-section is represented by (Sα), and a sum of cross-sectional areas of the inorganic particles that are included in the region (M) is represented by (Smα).

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member improved both in wear resistance and in image unevenness. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, and a photosensitive layer and a surface layer on the support, wherein the surface layer is a cured product of a composition containing a compound represented by the formula (A) and a charge-transporting substance having at least one reactive functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a methoxy group, an amino group, a thiol group, and a carboxyl group.

Provided are an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each capable of suppressing the occurrence of a black spot (white background contamination) in an output image under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. The electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; an exposing device; a developing device; and a cleaning device, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific structure at a ratio in a specific range, and a toner contains toner particles each containing at least a resin, and an external additive. The toner has a volume-average particle diameter of 7 μm or more. The external additive contains a compound containing a titanium atom. The ratio of the mass of the compound containing a titanium atom to the total mass of the toner is 0.6 mass % or more.