A charge transporting layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polysiloxane resin having a terminal structure represented by the formula (1), at least one selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin A having a structural unit represented by the formula (A) and a polyarylate resin B having a structural unit represented by the formula (B), and a charge transporting substance, wherein the content of the siloxane structure in the polysiloxane resin is not less than 0.5% by mass and not more than 10% by mass based on the total mass of whole resin in the charge transporting layer.

An organic photoconductor including an electrically conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer disposed on the electrically conductive substrate, and a protection layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, wherein the protection layer includes a polymer composition and a plurality of electrically conductive metal oxide particles, and wherein the polymer composition is a product of a curing reaction with a multifunctional spherical dendrimer, a first multifunctional acryl compound having a urethane bond, and a second multifunctional acryl compound having a silicon-containing group and a fluorine-containing group.

An electrophotographic member which has resistance to discharge degradation and can maintain the toner releasability for a long period is provided. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a binder resin having an acrylic skeleton and a modified silicone compound having a polyether group and a hydroxyl group in a molecule, the surface layer having a surface having a n-hexadecane contact angle of 30 or more.

It is intended to provide an image forming method, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have favorable cleaning properties and can suppress reduction in image quality caused by the contamination of a charging member. A surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member satisfies the condition (i) or (ii), and toner contains a resin having an isosorbide unit: (i) containing a fluorine resin particle and at lease one resin selected from the group consisting of a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin, and (ii) containing at least one resin selected from the group consisting of a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin each having a polysiloxane structure.

A method of preparing a photoconductor drum according to one example embodiment includes preparing a curable overcoat composition including solids content mixed with an organic solvent. The solids content includes about 60 percent to about 95 percent by weight of a urethane resin, about 5 percent to about 40 percent by weight of nano metal oxide particles, and about 0.1 percent to about 5 percent by weight of a silicone additive selected from one or more of polydimethyl siloxane or a phenyl-modified silicone derivative of polydimethyl siloxane. The method includes coating the overcoat composition onto the photoconductor drum as an outmost layer of the photoconductor drum and curing the overcoat composition.

A photoconductor drum according to one example embodiment includes an overcoat layer forming an outermost layer of the photoconductor drum. The overcoat layer is formed from a curable composition having a solids content that includes: about 60 percent to about 95 percent by weight of a urethane resin, about 5 percent to about 40 percent by weight of nano metal oxide particles, and about 0.1 percent to about 5 percent by weight of a silicone additive selected from one or more of polydimethyl siloxane or a phenyl-modified silicone derivative of polydimethyl siloxane.

Provided is a method of producing a member for electrophotography capable of providing a high-quality electrophotographic image. The method of producing a member for electrophotography is a method of producing a member for electrophotography having an electro-conductive support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, the method comprising: a first step of forming, on a surface of the elastic layer, a coat of a surface-layer coating liquid containing a hydrolyzed condensate of a hydrolyzable silane compound and a chelate titanium compound represented by the following general formula (2); and a second step of crosslinking the hydrolyzed condensate in the coat through cleavage of an epoxy group in the hydrolyzed condensate to form the surface layer: ##STR00001##

An image forming method in which a surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a compound having a specific structure in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the surface layer, and in a charged region of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member charged in a charging step, a non-image forming region in which an electrostatic latent image is not formed is not irradiated with destaticizing light or is irradiated with reduced destaticizing light.

An electrophotographic member includes a surface layer and an elastic layer, in which the surface layer includes a silicone compound, and in a case where a dynamic friction coefficient of the surface layer is denoted by (A) and a dynamic friction coefficient of the surface layer after subjecting the surface layer to a corona treatment at a current of 100 A, a temperature of 22 C., a relative humidity of 55% RH, and a total discharge power of 0.72 kW is denoted by (B) in accordance with JIS K7125: 1999, (A) is 0.15 or more and 0.35 or less, and (BA) is 0.05 or less.

An electronic device includes a support, a charge-transporting layer, a silicone-containing layer, and a metal oxide film. The charge-transporting layer includes a charge-transporting material or a dye-sensitizing electrode layer including a sensitizing dye. The charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer is disposed on or above the support. The silicone-containing layer is disposed on or above the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing-dye electrode layer. The metal oxide film is disposed on or above the silicone-containing layer. A ratio [Q(ACL)/Q(CTL)] is 10% or greater, where Q(ACL) is a time integral of a transient photocurrent waveform of an electronic device (ACL) measured by a time-of-flight method, and Q(CTL) is a time integral of a transient photocurrent waveform of an electronic device (CTL) measured by a time-of-flight method.