Various embodiments include an apparatus for limiting voltage for a DC voltage network, wherein overvoltages resulting from switching operations occur between a first supply potential level and a second supply potential level of the DC voltage network. The apparatus comprises at least two limiter cells connected in series between the first supply potential level and the second supply potential level. Each limiter cell comprises a controllable switching element, a discharge resistor, and a capacitor, across all of which a voltage applied between the first supply potential level and the second supply potential level is dropped. During operation of the apparatus, based at least in part on the voltage dropped across the respective capacitor of a particular limiter cell, the controllable switching element of the limiter cell is switched on or off.

A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a bandgap reference circuit that includes a first bandgap element, a second bandgap element, and a current mirror circuit. The bandgap reference circuit is configured to generate a temperature-dependent first voltage and a temperature-independent reference voltage. The semiconductor integrated circuit includes an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the first voltage into an output code based on the reference voltage and output the first voltage as temperature information, and a setting control circuit configured to change at least one setting of the bandgap reference circuit based on the temperature information.

A method, system, and circuit for providing a bandgap voltage reference are provided. In an example, the method includes producing a first bandgap curve based at least in part on a first circuit, a second circuit, an operational amplifier, and one or more feedback resistors, where the first circuit corresponds to a first voltage that is complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) and the second circuit corresponds to a second voltage that is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT). The method also includes providing a temperature independent compensation to the first bandgap curve based at least in part on a bandgap device, a biasing circuit, and a resistor; providing a non-temperature compensation to the first bandgap curve based at least in part on an adjustable divider circuit; and generating a resulting bandgap curve from the first bandgap curve.

Various embodiments include an apparatus for limiting voltage for a DC voltage network, wherein overvoltages resulting from switching operations occur between a first supply potential level and a second supply potential level of the DC voltage network. The apparatus comprises at least two limiter cells connected in series between the first supply potential level and the second supply potential level. Each limiter cell comprises a controllable switching element, a discharge resistor, and a capacitor, across all of which a voltage applied between the first supply potential level and the second supply potential level is dropped. During operation of the apparatus, based at least in part on the voltage dropped across the respective capacitor of a particular limiter cell, the controllable switching element of the limiter cell is switched on or off.

Various embodiments include an apparatus for limiting voltage for a DC voltage network, wherein overvoltages resulting from switching operations occur between a first supply potential level and a second supply potential level of the DC voltage network. The apparatus comprises at least two limiter cells connected in series between the first supply potential level and the second supply potential level. Each limiter cell comprises a controllable switching element, a discharge resistor, and a capacitor, across all of which a voltage applied between the first supply potential level and the second supply potential level is dropped. During operation of the apparatus, based at least in part on the voltage dropped across the respective capacitor of a particular limiter cell, the controllable switching element of the limiter cell is switched on or off.

A reference voltage generator includes an output terminal, a current source, a reference circuit, a protection circuit, and a control circuit. The output terminal outputs a reference voltage. The current source is coupled to the output terminal, and generates a reference current. The reference circuit is coupled to the output terminal, and generates a reference voltage according to the reference current. The protection circuit is coupled to the output terminal, and adjusts a voltage of the output terminal to an operating voltage. The control circuit is coupled to the reference circuit and the protection circuit. The control circuit controls the reference circuit and the protection circuit according to a start signal.

A reference voltage generator includes an output terminal, a current source, a reference circuit, a protection circuit, and a control circuit. The output terminal outputs a reference voltage. The current source is coupled to the output terminal, and generates a reference current. The reference circuit is coupled to the output terminal, and generates a reference voltage according to the reference current. The protection circuit is coupled to the output terminal, and adjusts a voltage of the output terminal to an operating voltage. The control circuit is coupled to the reference circuit and the protection circuit. The control circuit controls the reference circuit and the protection circuit according to a start signal.

The present disclosure provides a bandgap reference circuit which includes a basic reference module to generate a basic reference voltage containing a first linear temperature-coefficient (TC) voltage and a first nonlinear TC voltage when a terminal node in the basic reference module is grounded. The bandgap reference circuit further includes a compensation module with an output node coupled to the terminal node of the basic reference module. The compensation module generates a compensation voltage at the output node with a second linear TC term and a second nonlinear TC term by using a first set of current sources proportional to absolute temperate (PTAT) and a second set of current sources with TC of zero. And the bandgap reference circuit combines the basic reference voltage and the compensation voltage, cancelling all the linear and nonlinear terms, and thus create a composite reference voltage independent of temperature.

A voltage-current conversion circuit includes a voltage-current conversion resistor connected to an input terminal, and a current mirror circuit which mirrors a current supplied from the voltage-current conversion resistor, wherein the current mirror circuit is constructed to include a depletion-type transistor whose source voltage is biased to be higher than the substrate voltage.

The present disclosure provides a circuit for generating a complimentary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage reference. The primary contributor to the voltage reference is first bipolar junction transistor, which is configured in diode mode, to produce the CTAT voltage. Such references include a non-linear component. A pair of bipolar junction transistors are coupled to the first bipolar junction transistor, and are configured to generate a delta base-emitter voltage. By coupling one of the pair to a proportional to absolute temperature current source, and the other to a current course which is substantially independent of absolute temperature, a further non-linear component is introduced, which is complimentary to the non-linear component introduced by the first bipolar junction transistor. The pair of bipolar transistors share a common emitter area size. As such, the non-linear component of the first bipolar junction transistor is compensated by the delta base-emitter arrangement, resulting in a more linear output.