A method includes: determining a first material and a second material of a photonic waveguide for propagating light, the photonic waveguide having a first section and a second section arranged in a first layer and a second layer, respectively, of the photonic waveguide; determining a spacing between the first layer and the second layer; determining a parameter set of a crosstalk reduction structure, according to the spacing, the first material and a wavelength of the light, to cause insertion losses of the first section and the second section to be lower than a predetermined threshold; and forming the first and second sections with the first and second materials, respectively, the first section having the crosstalk reduction structure overlapping the second section.

An optical component comprising at least one first waveguide having a first core and a casing surrounding the first core, and comprising at least one second waveguide having a second core, wherein the first core and the second core are guided adjacent and at a distance to one another in a longitudinal section, and at least one Bragg grating is arranged in said longitudinal section, and at least the first core, the first casing the second core and the Bragg grating are arranged in a single substrate.

An optical waveguide that performs both in-coupling and out-coupling using two diffractive optical elements is provided. Each optical element is a diffraction grating and can be applied to the same or different surface of the optical waveguide. The diffraction gratings overlap to form two overlapping regions. The first overlapping region in-couples light into the waveguide and the second overlapping region out-couples light from the optical waveguide. Because the optical waveguide only uses two gratings, and therefore only has two grating vectors, the optical waveguide is easier to manufacture than optical waveguides with a greater number of grating vectors.

An optical waveguide that performs both in-coupling and out-coupling using two diffractive optical elements is provided. Each optical element is a diffraction grating and can be applied to the same or different surface of the optical waveguide. The diffraction gratings overlap to form two overlapping regions. The first overlapping region in-couples light into the waveguide and the second overlapping region out-couples light from the optical waveguide. Because the optical waveguide only uses two gratings, and therefore only has two grating vectors, the optical waveguide is easier to manufacture than optical waveguides with a greater number of grating vectors.

A method includes: determining a first material and a second material of a photonic waveguide for propagating light, the photonic waveguide having a first section and a second section arranged in a first layer and a second layer, respectively, of the photonic waveguide; determining a spacing between the first layer and the second layer; determining a parameter set of a crosstalk reduction structure, according to the spacing, the first material and a wavelength of the light, to cause insertion losses of the first section and the second section to be lower than a predetermined threshold; and forming the first and second sections with the first and second materials, respectively, the first section having the crosstalk reduction structure overlapping the second section.

An optical waveguide that performs both in-coupling and out-coupling using two diffractive optical elements is provided. Each optical element is a diffraction grating and can be applied to the same or different surface of the optical waveguide. The diffraction gratings overlap to form two overlapping regions. The first overlapping region in-couples light into the waveguide and the second overlapping region out-couples light from the optical waveguide. Because the optical waveguide only uses two gratings, and therefore only has two grating vectors, the optical waveguide is easier to manufacture than optical waveguides with a greater number of grating vectors.

An optical component comprising at least one first waveguide having a first core and a casing surrounding the first core, and comprising at least one second waveguide having a second core, wherein the first core and the second core are guided adjacent and at a distance to one another in a longitudinal section, and at least one Bragg grating is arranged in said longitudinal section, and at least the first core, the first casing the second core and the Bragg grating are arranged in a single substrate.

The present invention relates to a method of enabling parity-time symmetric optical waveguides using liquids. Applicants provide a solution to the challenge of mass producing PT symmetric optical waveguide systems by introducing liquids that can be dynamically flown between optical waveguides. Using this method, evanescent wave coupling between optical waveguides can be achieved while having coupling gap dimensions that can be patterned using a standard photolithography process. Thus economic, rapid, and mass production of PT symmetric optical waveguide systems for a broad range of applications is disclosed.

An optical fiber cladding optical filter includes an elongated capillary tube including an inner surface positioned surrounding an elongated optical fiber proximate or adjacent an exterior surface of the optical fiber and an outer surface positioned spaced from the exterior surface of the optical fiber. A grating formed on the outer surface of the elongated capillary tube aids in suppressing evanescent laser light that exits the optical fiber transverse to a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber. The elongated optical fiber and surrounding elongated capillary tube can include one or more curves along a length thereof to aid in the removal of one or more higher order laser modes as evanescent laser light that exits the optical fiber. The one or more curves can be received in a container to prevent or avoid evanescent laser exiting the optical fiber from propagating into an ambient environment.

A method of an electronic device for automatically focusing on a moving object is provided. The method includes generating, by a processor, at least one focal code based on information comprising depth information of the moving object obtained using at least one previous position of the moving object, focusing, by the processor, on at least one portion of the moving object based on the at least one focal code, and capturing, by a sensor, at least one image of the moving object comprising the at least one portion of the moving object.