A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a first alignment film formed over the first substrate, a second substrate, a second alignment film formed over the second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first alignment film and the second alignment film, and a projecting portion formed over the second substrate. The first alignment film is a photo alignment film, and a thickness d2 of the second alignment film over the projecting portion and a film thickness d1 of a portion of the first alignment film facing the projecting portion satisfy formula (1) and (2):

0 nm<d2<30 nm (1);

d2<d1 (2).

A composition for an alignment layer includes a polyimide-based compound including a polymerization initiator coupled to a side chain of the polyimide-based compound.

A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a first alignment film formed over the first substrate, a second substrate, a second alignment film formed over the second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first alignment film and the second alignment film, and a projecting portion formed over the second substrate. The first alignment film is a photo alignment film, and a thickness d2 of the second alignment film over the projecting portion and a film thickness d1 of a portion of the first alignment film facing the projecting portion satisfy formula (1) and (2):
0 nm<d2<30 nm(1);
d2<d1(2).

A liquid crystal alignment agent capable of forming a liquid crystal alignment film having good pre-tilt angle light stability, the liquid crystal alignment film, and a liquid crystal display element having the liquid crystal alignment film are provided. The liquid crystal alignment agent includes a polymer (A), a photosensitive polysiloxane (B), and a solvent (C). The polymer (A) is obtained by reacting a mixture, wherein the mixture includes a tetracarboxylic dianhydride component (a1) and a diamine component (a2). The diamine component (a2) includes a diamine compound (a2-1) represented by formula (1). The photosensitive polysiloxane (B) is obtained by reacting a silane compound (b1-1) containing an epoxy group and a cinnamic acid derivative (b2).

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Organic ligand-capped quantum dots and curable ink compositions containing the organic ligand-capped quantum dots are provided. Also provided are thin films formed from the ink compositions.

The present disclosure may provide an electrode layer for a smart window, which has excellent adhesion and thus it is not easily separated during the process such as cutting, and a light control laminate which can prevent defects or breakage during the process of manufacturing a smart window by including the electrode layer for a smart window, and thus improving adhesion between substrates, and which simplifies the manufacturing process and significantly reduces the thickness by not including a separate substrate for forming the electrode layer, and a smart window including the light control laminate, and an automobile or building window using the smart window.

A liquid crystal (LC) device and method of forming the device are described. The LC device includes a glass substrate and multiple pairs of photoalignment layers (PALs) and patterned LC elements that are separated by an interstitial layer on the substrate. The interstitial layer has a thickness significantly less than each of the substrate and patterned LC element. Each patterned LC element is a polarization volume grating (PVG) that has a different grating period. The surface of the interstitial layer is super hydrophilic to allow the spread of the next layer of PAL material over the entire surface of the interstitial layer.