An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer having a single-layer structure. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The electron transport material includes a compound having a halogen atom and represented by a general formula (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5). The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin includes at least one type of repeating unit each represented by general formula (11), at least one type of repeating unit each represented by general formula (12), and a terminal group represented by general formula (13). In general formula (13), R.sup.f represents a chain aliphatic group substituted by at least one fluoro group. A charge of calcium carbonate charged by friction between the photosensitive layer and the calcium carbonate is at least +8.0 C/g.

##STR00001## ##STR00002##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The conductive support has an outer peripheral surface with a maximum surface roughness height (Rmax) of about 4.0 m or less, and the outer peripheral surface has a recess with a depth-to-aperture size ratio (depth/aperture size) of about 0.03 or more and about 0.12 or less. The single-layer photosensitive layer is disposed on the conductive support and has a thickness of about 20 m or more and a modulus of elasticity of about 4.5 GPa or more.

A single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The conductive substrate contains aluminum or an aluminum alloy. A surface of the conductive substrate has an aluminum oxide film or an aluminum alloy oxide film. The photosensitive layer is disposed directly on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer contains an electron transport material. The electron transport material has a reduction potential of at least 0.88 V and no greater than 0.66 V versus a reference electrode (Ag/Ag.sup.+). The single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member has a leakage onset voltage of at least 5.0 kV in a high temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 30 C. and a relative humidity of 80%. The leakage onset voltage is a voltage applied to the single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member at which current leakage starts.

A positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and an electron accepting compound. The hole transport material includes a benzidine derivative. The electron transport material includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by general formulae (1), (2), (3), and (4) shown below. The electron accepting compound includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by general formulae (5) and (6) shown below. ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin contains a polyarylate resin (1). The polyarylate resin is represented by general formula (1). The photosensitive layer has a scratch resistance depth of no greater than 0.50 m. The photosensitive layer has a Vickers hardness of at least 17.0 HV.

##STR00001##

A photoreceptor for electrophotography, a method for manufacturing the photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic device including the photoreceptor are disclosed. The photoreceptor for electrophotography includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate and that has an outermost surface layer containing at least a resin binder and an electron transport material. The resin binder is composed of a polyarylate resin having a structural unit represented by a Chemical Structural Formula 1, and the electron transport material is composed of a compound having a structure represented by a Structural Formula (ET2-3). The photoreceptor has high sensitivity, low residual electric potential, no light fatigue and sufficient stain resistance.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising at least a photoreceptive layer on a conductive base, wherein the photoreceptive layer contains a silica filler and a specific electron transporting substance represented by general formula (I) of FIG. 3 and wherein when a content of the silica filler to a total solid content of the photoreceptive layer is denoted by w (% by mass), when an average primary particle diameter of the silica filler is denoted by d (nm), and when a content of the electron transporting substance to the total solid content of the photoreceptive layer is denoted by x (% by mass), the electrophotographic photoreceptor satisfies the following relationship: 0.12<w/(dx)<0.54.

The present invention provides a novel electrophotographic photoconductor having at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer on a conductive support, the protective layer containing an electron donating compound and preferably further containing an electron transporting compound, the electrophotographic photoconductor having good electrical properties, especially residual potential properties, even when a compound having an electron transporting structure is contained in the protective layer.

In a negatively-chargeable laminate-type electrophotographic photoreceptor, a charge generation layer and another charge transport layer are arranged on a conductive substrate directly or via an intermediate layer. The charge transport layer contains at least a hole-transporting substance, an electron-transporting substance and a binder resin; the mass ratio (R.sub.PN) [% by mass] between mass (P) of the hole-transporting substance and mass (N) of the electron-transporting substance is represented by the following equation (1), and satisfies the following equation (2):
R.sub.PN=(N/(P+N))100(1)
1R.sub.PN40(2); and
when a voltage of +6 kV is applied to the photoreceptor for 5 seconds via a resin sheet having a thickness of 50 m and a surface resistivity of 210.sup.7 /cm.sup.2, the surface potential difference (Vo) and half-tone potential difference (Vh) between before and after the voltage application are both 15 V or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member can provide images in which black spots and fogging are suppressed and density unevenness due to coating unevenness of the charge generation layer is suppressed. The charge generation layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a gallium phthalocyanine crystal, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, and an amide compound represented by a formula (1), and a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound has a substituent. ##STR00001##