Polymeric reagents are provided comprising a moiety of atoms arranged in a specific order, wherein the moiety is positioned between a water-soluble polymer and a reactive group. The polymeric reagents are useful for, among other things, forming polymer-active agent conjugates. Related methods, compositions, preparations, and so forth are also provided.

A method of reducing anxiety in a non-human mammal by increasing brain serotonin levels, includes: down regulating in vivo levels of indigenous inflammatory cytokines in the nasal cavity of said non-human mammal by delivering an effective amount of an anti-inflammatory formula to said nasal cavity, which formula includes: at least one lipid-soluble antioxidant (which also functions as an anti-inflammatory agent) (the lipid-soluble antioxidant may be selected from the group consisting of alpha lipoic acid, aloe vera, omega 3 oil, N-acetylcysteine, cannabidiol, civet, oxytocin and combinations thereof); melatonin; tryptophan; and at least one essential oil. The most preferred antioxidant is N-acetylcysteine and the preferred essential oil is combination of chamomile, lavender and lemon oil.

A method of reducing anxiety in a non-human mammal by increasing brain serotonin levels, includes: down regulating in vivo levels of indigenous inflammatory cytokines in the nasal cavity of said non-human mammal by delivering an effective amount of an anti-inflammatory formula to said nasal cavity, which formula includes: at least one lipid-soluble antioxidant (which also functions as an anti-inflammatory agent) (the lipid-soluble antioxidant may be selected from the group consisting of alpha lipoic acid, aloe vera, omega 3 oil, N-acetylcysteine, cannabidiol, civet, oxytocin and combinations thereof); melatonin; tryptophan; and at least one essential oil. The most preferred antioxidant is N-acetylcysteine and the preferred essential oil is combination of chamomile, lavender and lemon oil.

Methods are disclosed of treating or preventing hypotension (e.g., neurogenic orthostatic hypotension or postprandial hypotension) or portal hypertension (e.g., bleeding esophageal varices associated with portal hypertension) or ascites (e.g., ascites associated with liver cirrhosis), by oral administration to affected subjects of compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of terlipressin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Methods are disclosed of treating or preventing hypotension (e.g., neurogenic orthostatic hypotension or postprandial hypotension) or portal hypertension (e.g., bleeding esophageal varices associated with portal hypertension) or ascites (e.g., ascites associated with liver cirrhosis), by oral administration to affected subjects of compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of terlipressin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Methods are disclosed of treating or preventing hypotension (e.g., neurogenic orthostatic hypotension or postprandial hypotension) or portal hypertension (e.g., bleeding esophageal varices associated with portal hypertension) or ascites (e.g., ascites associated with liver cirrhosis), by oral administration to affected subjects of compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of terlipressin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The principles and embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for using terlipressin to treat a patient having impaired renal function associated with liver disease. A method of improving kidney function in an adult patient with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction in kidney function may include determining the patient's acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) grade and baseline serum creatinine level; obtaining a baseline oxygenation saturation (SpO.sub.2) of the patient; administering a dose of terlipressin acetate to the patient by intravenous (IV) injection; and monitoring the patient's oxygenation saturation with pulse oximetry.

The principles and embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for using terlipressin to treat a patient having impaired renal function associated with liver disease. A method of improving kidney function in an adult patient with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction in kidney function may include determining the patient's acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) grade and baseline serum creatinine level; obtaining a baseline oxygenation saturation (SpO.sub.2) of the patient; administering a dose of terlipressin acetate to the patient by intravenous (IV) injection; and monitoring the patient's oxygenation saturation with pulse oximetry.

The present disclosure relates to the use of a novel dosage form of merotocin in improving lactation in a female in need thereof. The disclosure particularly provides the use of a composition suitable for intranasal administration that provides a dose of merotocin greater than 100 μg or substantially about 400 μg to the female. The disclosure encompasses methods of treatment as well as compositions for use in such methods.

The present disclosure relates to the use of a novel dosage form of merotocin in improving lactation in a female in need thereof. The disclosure particularly provides the use of a composition suitable for intranasal administration that provides a dose of merotocin greater than 100 μg or substantially about 400 μg to the female. The disclosure encompasses methods of treatment as well as compositions for use in such methods.